褐飞虱危害在水稻植株光谱反射率上的表现

利用手持式光谱仪测定了褐飞虱为害后稻株的光谱反射率。在可见光和近红外区,随褐飞虱虫量和虫龄的增加稻株光谱反射率呈下降趋势,近红外光区的光谱反射率可很好地表征褐飞虱不同龄期、不同虫量及成虫产卵对稻株的危害程度。各波长处的光谱反射率与褐飞虱虫量间存在明显的负相关,并且在520～570nm和700～1000nm波长范围内的相关性达到了极显著水平。褐飞虱为害后稻株光谱的红边斜率和红边面积也分别与虫量存在极显著相关。利用虫害后稻株在可见光波长550nm处的反射率(R550)和近红外光区波长760nm处的反射率(R760)、红边参数值与未受害稻株相应值的比值建立了褐飞虱虫量的预测模型,发现在19次预测中,各模型的预测正确率为53%～79%,且R760因子对褐飞虱虫量有相对较好的预测效果。     

不同施氮水平下水稻植株在白背飞虱为害后的生理变化

【目的】为明确不同施氮水平调控水稻对白背飞虱抵御能力的生理机制,【方法】采用室内笼罩饲喂胁迫法,比较了不同施氮水平下水稻受白背飞虱为害后,体内叶绿素(SPAD)含量、含水量、伤流液含量和干物质含量、可溶性糖含量等防御相关物质含量的变化。【结果】水稻受白背飞虱为害后,水稻体内不同防御物质含量变化存在差异。水稻受白背飞虱为害后体内叶绿素含量、干物质含量、可溶性糖含量均有所下降,伤流液含量、相对含水量、含水量有所上升。随着水稻施氮水平的增加,受害水稻叶绿素含量、干物质量降幅呈上升趋势,含水量、伤流液含量增幅呈上升趋势,相对含水量、可溶性糖含量增幅呈下降趋势。【结论】不同施氮水平可通过调控水稻体内叶绿素含量、相对含水量、含水量、干物质含量、可溶性糖含量影响水稻对白背飞虱的抵御能力,从而影响白背飞虱种群数量。     

稻株挥发物在调节褐飞虱、白背飞虱种内种间关系中的作用

以TN1为供试水稻品种,研究了稻株挥发物在褐飞虱、白背飞虱寻找寄主及调节两种飞虱种内种间关系中的作用。结果表明健康稻株挥发物对褐飞虱、白背飞虱具有明显的引诱作用。当稻株被一种飞虱为害12 h后,其所释放的挥发物对另一种飞虱有明显的引诱作用,但对同种飞虱则无显著的吸引或驱避作用。随着为害程度的加重（为害1 d以上）,两种飞虱均避开虫害株而趋向健康稻株。     

褐飞虱为害对水稻产量结构影响的研究

 采用标准虫态分期连续接虫方法，研究了褐飞虱为害对水稻产量结构的影响。结果表明，褐飞虱为害可造成水稻有效穗数和实粒数减少，千粒重下降，并皆最终导致产量降低。分蘖期是穗数减少的敏感生育朝；灌浆开始以后为影响千粒重的敏感生育期。褐飞虱为害早期需达到较大的虫口数量才能造成水稻有效穗数和实粒数显著减少。灌浆期水稻只要遭受一定虫量为害即可引起千粒重显著下降，相同虫量下不同起始受害时间及同生育期稻株不同虫量造成的损失均有显著差异，水稻被害时间越早、受害时间越长、虫量越多，造成的产量损失越大。     

不同氮肥水平下转Bt基因水稻对褐飞虱和白背飞虱生态适应性的继代影响

在目前氮肥施用量依然偏多的大背景下,氮肥与转 Bt 基因水稻的相互作用是否会对稻田中非靶标节肢动物产生影响是转基因水稻安全评价的重要内容。本研究在室内条件下用0 kg/hm²、100 kg/hm²和250 kg/hm²3个氮肥水平处理的转 Bt 基因水稻T1C-19和T2A-1以及非转基因亲本水稻明恢63,连续饲养褐飞虱和白背飞虱4代,研究在不同氮肥条件下,转 Bt 基因水稻对褐飞虱和白背飞虱生态适应性的继代影响。结果显示,在同一水稻品种上,氮肥的过量施用,显著提高了褐飞虱和白背飞虱的生态适应性,并且随着代数的增加具有一定的累加效果。同一氮肥水平条件下,转 Bt 基因水稻和对照相比对同代褐飞虱和白背飞虱的若虫发育历期、雌虫体质量、成虫寿命、褐飞虱若虫孵化率、存活率均无显著影响。而在100 kg/hm²和250 kg/hm²施氮水平下取食转基因水稻T1C-19的褐飞虱在第1代至第3代的每雌产卵量均显著低于另一转基因品种T2A-1以及对照品种明恢63,但第4代褐飞虱在各品种上的产卵量无显著差异。本研究结果表明,氮肥的施用显著提高了褐飞虱和白背飞虱的生态适应性,供试两种转Bt基因水稻对褐飞虱和白背飞虱的生态适应性无显著影响。这为转基因水稻的安全评价提供了一定的理论依据。     

温度对水稻抗褐飞虱特性的影响

 为研究温度对水稻抗褐飞虱特性的影响,于2007年和2008年应用苗期集团筛选法（SSST）在杭州地区的自然条件下测定了抗性水稻品种IR26和IR36对田间褐飞虱的抗性,同时比较了不同温度（22℃、25℃、28℃、31℃和34℃）下IR26和IR36对褐飞虱的抗性、可溶性糖和草酸含量的变化。自然条件下,IR26已完全失去对杭州种群褐飞虱的抗性,而IR36仍具中等抗性。在25℃到34℃的范围内随着温度升高,IR26对褐飞虱抗性减弱,但22℃条件下抗性比25℃更弱。IR36在温度升高的条件下对褐飞虱的抗性总体呈降低趋势,在31℃和34℃下也已完全失去对褐飞虱的抗性。在22~25℃条件下,IR26和IR36的持抗期均在25℃下最长,分别为9 d和11 d。3个品种稻株中的可溶性糖含量均随温度升高而增加,而草酸含量则随温度升高先增加后下降,在25℃时为最大值。不同温度下及不同水稻品种之间稻株内可溶性糖和草酸的含量均有显著差异。     

利用PEG6000模拟研究干旱胁迫对褐飞虱取食和产卵的影响

 在实验室条件下,以感虫品种TN1、抗虫品种IR36和抗旱品种旱优3号为材料,采用聚乙二醇6000（PEG6000）模拟干旱处理水稻植株,研究干旱胁迫对褐飞虱取食和产卵的影响。结果表明,在同一水稻品种上,褐飞虱雌成虫在稻株上数量随着PEG6000浓度的上升而显著减少（P<0.001）,而褐飞虱若虫在不同PEG6000浓度处理的水稻植株上数量无显著差异（P=0.093）。褐飞虱雌成虫在48 h内的蜜露分泌量和在稻株上72 h内的产卵量均与PEG6000浓度呈显著负相关。在感虫品种TN1上,褐飞虱若虫在不同浓度PEG6000处理稻株上的分布无显著差异;而在抗旱品种旱优3号和抗虫品种IR36上,随着PEG6000浓度的上升,水稻基部的褐飞虱若虫数量明显增多。在TN1和旱优3号上,褐飞虱雌成虫蜜露分泌量随PEG6000浓度上升而显著减少;而在IR36上,褐飞虱雌成虫在不同浓度PEG6000处理水稻植株上的蜜露分泌量均很少且无显著差异。     

淹水对褐飞虱生长发育和稻株营养成分的影响

 研究了淹水对褐飞虱种群的直接影响,以及淹水导致的稻株营养成分变化和褐飞虱生长发育的关系。结果表明,淹水使褐飞虱的卵的孵化率明显下降,尤其是淹水和高温的互作可杀死稻株内绝大部分褐飞虱卵。淹水能使褐飞虱的取食量、产卵量和生存率都明显下降。同时,淹水使稻株内游离氨基酸含量明显下降,而总糖含量明显增加,从而对褐飞虱的生长发育产生不利影响     

稻株中抗原次生物质含量变化及其对水稻褐飞虱抗性的影响

 对影响水稻对褐飞虱生物型Ⅱ抗性水平的主要抗原次生化合物，即HPLC谱图中的4个谱峰（峰1、峰2、峰8、峰12）对应的次生化合物的含量变化及其对抗性的影响进行了研究。结果表明，某些品种不同苗龄稻株对褐飞虱生物型Ⅱ的抗性差异，极可能就是这4个相关抗原次生化合物在不同生育期的含量变化所致；与水稻植株其他部位相比，这4种抗原次生物质在叶鞘中的含量最低。这也许是褐飞虱喜欢聚集在叶鞘部位取食的化学因素之一。     

共生菌Arsenophonus、水稻品种和温度对褐飞虱黄绿绿僵菌发病率的影响

【目的】研究共生菌Arsenophonus、水稻和温度对褐飞虱黄绿绿僵菌发病率的影响,揭示影响褐飞虱黄绿绿僵菌发病的重要因子。【方法】通过共生菌Arsenophonus(感染和未感染)与水稻品种(TN1、IR56和Mudgo)以及Arsenophonus与温度(21℃、23℃、25℃、27℃、29℃和31℃)两个二因素完全随机区组试验,观察喷黄绿绿僵菌孢子悬浮液后不同时间褐飞虱黄绿绿僵菌的发病率。【结果】喷黄绿绿僵菌孢子悬浮液后,不同水稻品种上褐飞虱发病率均以含Arsenophonus的试虫较低,而不同温度下的褐飞虱发病率则仅喷菌处理后第3 d和5 d时在25℃、27℃和29℃时含Arsenophonus的试虫发病率显著较低,其他温度下无显著差异。双因素方差结果表明,Arsenophonus与水稻品种双因素试验中均以含Arsenophonus褐飞虱黄绿绿僵菌的发病率显著较低,而Arsenophonus与温度双因素试验中仅在喷菌处理后第3 d、5 d以含Arsenophonus褐飞虱黄绿绿僵菌的发病率显著较低。温度显著影响褐飞虱的发病率,23℃~29℃条件下褐飞虱的发病率较高,LT50较短,为黄绿绿僵菌侵染褐飞虱的适温范围。其中,27℃时发病率最高,LT50最短,最为适宜;31℃和21℃条件下褐飞虱发病率较低,LT50较长,不利于黄绿绿僵菌对褐飞虱的侵染。温度还影响含Arsenophonus与不含Arsenophonus试虫LT50的相对大小。其中,含Arsenophonus试虫LT50在27℃、29℃时相对较长,在其他温度下则相同甚至较短。【结论】共生菌Arsenophonus显著抑制黄绿绿僵菌对褐飞虱的致病力,且该作用受到温度的显著影响;温度亦显著影响褐飞虱的黄绿绿僵菌发病率,而水稻品种以及Arsenophonus和水稻品种间、Arsenophonus和环境温度间的交互作用均无显著影响。     

Effect of Nitrogen on Water Content, Sap Flow, and Tolerance of Rice Plants to Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens

Water content (WC) and sap flow from leaf sheath of rice plants with varying nitrogen levels at different growth stages, and fluctuations in relative water content (RWC) of rice plants being damaged by brown planthoppcr (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens were determined in the laboratory, and the tolerance of rice plants to BPH at different nitrogen regimes was evaluated in the greenhouse at International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), the Philippines. The results indicated that both WC and RWC were increased significantly, as the amount of sap flow from rice plants was reduced statistically, with the increase of nitrogen content in rice plants. RWC in rice plants applied with high nitrogen fertilizer decreased drastically by the injury of BPH nymphs, while the reduced survival duration of rice plants with the increase of nitrogen content was recorded. These may be considered to be one of the important factors in increasing the susceptibility to BPH damage on rice plants applied with nitrogen fertilizer.     

Effect of Nitrogen on Water Content, Sap Flow, and Tolerance of Rice Plants to Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens

Water content (WC) and sap flow from leaf sheath of rice plants with varying nitrogen levels at different growth stages,and fluctuations in relative water content (RWC) of rice plants being damaged by brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens were determined in the laboratory, and the tolerance of rice plants to BPH at different nitrogen regimes was evaluated in the greenhouse at International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), the Philippines. The results indicated that both WC and RWC were increased significantly, as the amount of sap flow from rice plants was reduced statistically, with the increase of nitrogen content in rice plants. RWC in rice plants applied with high nitrogen fertilizer decreased drastically by the injury of BPH nymphs, while the reduced survival duration of rice plants with the increase of nitrogen content was recorded. These may be considered to be one of the important factors in increasing the susceptibility to BPH damage on rice plants applied with nitrogen fertilizer.     

Impact of Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium on Brown Planthopper and Tolerance of Its Host Rice Plants

The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), appeared as a devastating pest of rice in Asia. Experiments were conducted to study the effects of three nutrients, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), on BPH and its host rice plants. Biochemical constituents of BPH and rice plants with varying nutrient levels at different growth stages, and changes in relative water content (RWC) of rice plants were determined in the laboratory. Feeding of BPH and the tolerance of rice plants to BPH with different nutrient levels were determined in the nethouse. Concentrations of N and P were found much higher in the BPH body than in its host rice plants, and this elemental mismatch is an inherent constraint on meeting nutritional requirements of BPH. Nitrogen was found as a more limiting element for BPH than other nutrients in rice plants. Application of N fertilizers to the rice plants increased the N concentrations both in rice plants and BPH while application of P and K fertilizers increased their concentrations in plant tissues only but not in BPH. Nitrogen application also increased the level of soluble proteins and decreased silicon content in rice plants, which resulted in increased feeding of BPH with sharp reduction of RWC in rice plants ultimately caused susceptible to the pest. P fertilization increased the concentration of P in rice plant tissues but not changed N, K, Si, free sugar and soluble protein contents, which indicated little importance of P to the feeding of BPH and tolerance of plant against BPH. K fertilization increased K content but reduced N, Si, free sugar and soluble protein contents in the plant tissues which resulted in the minimum reduction of RWC in rice plants after BPH feeding, thereby contributed to higher tolerance of rice plants to brown planthopper.     

Biodiversity and Dynamics of Planthoppers and Their Natural Enemies in Rice Fields with Different Nitrogen Regimes

Biodiversity both theoretically and practically has relevance in addressing many problems of contemporary agriculture and allows the formation of functional groups that drive key ecosystem processes [1]. One of the most important processes in agroecosystems is pest regulation, because biodiversity is related closely to host-plant resistance, pest management attributes, natural biological control agents and their impacts, and stability as the ecological basis for pest management [2-3]. On one h…     

栽培因素对北方粳稻产量及米质的影响——第11报不同营养元素对产量及米质的影响

3 a试验结果表明:氮肥有利于增加分蘖和粒数,对产量起决定性作用,但不利于提高稻米品质;磷肥能够促进氮肥的吸收,增施磷肥有提高成熟度和增加产量的作用,同时又提高出米率和降低蛋白质含量;钾肥和镁肥对于产量影响不明显,但对改善稻米品质作用最明显。氮、磷、钾配施产量最高,增产6.3%,米质趋中,如果再加施镁肥,既有利于提高产量又有利于提高稻米品质。     

半腐解秸秆覆盖下旱作水稻对15N的吸收和分配

 在模拟田间条件下的水泥池（微区）内，用半腐解秸秆覆盖旱作水稻，两个水平的15N标记尿素分别作基肥、分蘖肥和穗肥施用，研究了不同时期施用的15N在水稻各部位的分配、15N的利用率和土壤 植株系统的氮素平衡。结果表明植株氮素含量中来自肥料氮的百分比（Ndff%）、水稻对15N的吸收和利用率以及15N的土壤残留率因标记肥料的施用时期和用量的不同而有很大差异。分蘖肥的15N在水稻各部位中的Ndff%最高，而作为基肥施入的15N在水稻体内的Ndff%最低。植株对氮肥利用率的最低和最高值分别为5.58%和51.53%，氮肥的土壤残留率最低和最高值分别为13.81%和29.87%。     

Effects of Nitrogen Application Time on Caryopsis Development and Grain Quality of Rice Variety Yangdao 6

A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of different nitrogen application time(during the tillering or the booting stages)with the same nitrogen rates on the caryopsis development and grain quality of rice variety Yangdao 6.The increased nitrogen fertilizer(urea),especially applied during the booting stage,could evidently increase the milled rice rate,head rice rate and protein content in rice grains compared with the control(no nitrogen application),and decrease chalky grain rate and amylose content.Moreover,the increased nitrogen fertilizer significantly affected the caryopsis development and enhanced the grain weight when nitrogen applied during the tillering and the booting stages,especially during the booting stage.During caryopsis development the increased nitrogen fertilizer applied during the tillering and booting stages could obviously decrease the total starch and amylose contents,but not obviously for the amylopectin content in rice grain.Increased topdressing of nitrogen fertilizer,especially applied during the booting stage,had significant effect on the development and structures of amyloplasts and proteinoplasts.That is,it could change the distribution,number and shape of amyloplasts and proteinoplasts in the endosperm cells especially in grain abdomen.Compared with the control the arrangements of amyloplasts and proteinoplasts were closer,with more numbers,higher density and less interspaces each ohter.Furthermore,most amyloplasts showed polyhedron under the increased nitrogen fertilizer level.     

施氮对冬水田杂交中稻本田生长期叶片叶绿素含量的影响

以18个杂交中稻组合为材料,通过施氮与不施氮(CK)处理,研究了四川冬水田区杂交水稻本田生长期间叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD值)受氮肥影响的敏感时期及主要生育时期的敏感叶位.结果表明,本田叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD值)受氮肥影响的敏感时期有分蘖期、最高苗期、拔节一抽穗期和籽粒灌浆结实中后期,施氮处理与CK叶片SPAD值的差值表现为分蘖初期和籽粒灌浆结实中后期较大,其余时期较小,其中移栽后第9～11天秧苗叶绿素含量受氮肥的影响最大,可作为测苗确定蘖肥施氮量的最佳时期;各叶位叶片的叶绿素含量受氮肥影响的程度以下部叶片较大,顶4叶是反应植株氮素状况最好的指示叶.