向日葵开花物候期与其对欧洲葵螟抗性的关系

欧洲葵螟Homoeosoma nebulellum Hübner是取食向日葵花盘和种仁最为猖獗的害虫。为明确不同向日葵品种开花物候期和抗虫性之间的关系,选取了12个代表性的向日葵品种(其中食葵9个,油葵3个),在田间调查各品种开花期,在生理成熟期采用籽粒被害虫情指数评价品种的抗虫性。结果表明:在所选的12个向日葵品种中,开花期处于R5.1~R5.2阶段(筒状小花开放率在10%~20%)的品种适逢葵螟成虫羽化、产卵高峰期,其受害程度显著高于处于其他花期阶段的向日葵品种。此外,前期鉴定出的高抗油葵品种MGS,由于开花期处在R5.2阶段,所以在本试验中的籽粒被害虫情指数较高;而高感食葵品种星火因尚未进入开花期,其籽粒被害虫情指数最低。因此,实践中在制定播种期时应根据不同向日葵品种开花物候期的差异,合理避开成虫发生高峰期,以减轻向日葵螟的为害。     

向日葵品种资源对菌核病抗性室内鉴定

利用两种不同的培养基培养核盘菌,用离体叶片接种方法对40个不同向日葵品种进行室内抗性鉴定,结果表明:在Minimal medium培养基上生长的核盘菌和PDA培养基相比,菌丝的生长速度大大降低。菌株经PDA培养基培养接种向日葵叶片后,不同向日葵品种之间抗性水平没有显著差异;而用Minimal medium培养基培养的菌株接种供试的向日葵不同品种叶片后,品种间表现出一定的抗性水平差异。依据接种后不同品种抗性水平的差异将供试向日葵品种划分为三组,即:抗病品种如食葵765、油葵KS7等,共3份;耐病品种如3146、新葵杂5号等,共9份;感病品种如LD1093、新葵杂6号等,共28份。     

田间向日葵品种籽粒锈斑发生程度比较

向日葵籽粒锈斑病又称“水锈病”，是近几年向日葵生产上出现的一种新病害，严重影响向日葵籽的商品性，制约着产业的发展。本研究在向日葵籽粒锈斑发生严重的内蒙古巴彦淖尔市乌拉特前旗先锋镇和五原县新公中镇试验点调查取样，评价了44份向日葵品种（39份食葵品种与5份油葵品种）的籽粒锈斑抗性，结果表明：乌拉特前旗试验点供试食葵品种中，只有赛瑞1号单盘平均籽粒锈斑率低于25%；另外共有6份品种（包括JK103、LJ188和LD5009等），单盘平均籽粒锈斑率介于25%~50%之间；其余品种的单盘平均籽粒锈斑率都在50%以上。就严重度而言，共有20份品种籽粒锈斑的严重度鉴定为1级，但是其平均籽粒锈斑率却介于17.30%~88.63%之间；其余品种的严重度均为2级以上。五原试验点的调查结果表明，供试向日葵品种的单盘平均籽粒锈斑率介于61.02%~99.63%之间，均显著高于乌拉特前旗试验点相同品种的调查结果；但是就严重度而言，只有10份品种籽粒锈斑的严重度为1级，以3638C为代表。而供试的5份油葵品种中，除了XKS2029外，其余4份品种的单盘平均籽粒锈斑率均低于25%。同时，不同播种时间下同一品种的籽粒锈斑发生程度也呈现出明显的差异，如SH361品种单盘平均籽粒锈斑率从5月27日播种的34.49%上升到6月20日的98.47%；相应的严重度也从1级上升到4级，说明播期不同对籽粒锈斑发生程度也有明显的影响。     

绿豆种质资源抗豆象鉴定研究初报

采用室内人工接种、“自由选择”方法和田间自然感虫法相结合、初筛和复鉴相配套的适于大批量绿豆种质资源抗豆象筛选的方法，对亚蔬８０份种质和国内７８４份品种资源进行了绿豆抗豆象鉴定，以绿豆籽粒被害率为评价指标。结果表明，引自亚蔬的８０份中共有１７份材料对绿豆象表现中抗至高抗甚至免疫，国内仅广西的３份地方品种表现中抗。田间抗感趋势与室内结果基本一致。     

向日葵菌核病田间接种方法及品种抗病性研究

为建立有效的向日葵菌核病田间接种鉴定方法,本研究以菌核病菌菌丝体悬浮液和高粱粒菌丝体作为接种物,分别对不同抗感向日葵品种在始花期和盛花期进行人工接种,从而筛选出最佳接菌物类型、浓度及接种时期,并用此方法对52个品种进行抗性评价。试验结果表明：两种接种物均可使向日葵感病品种产生盘腐症状。用菌丝体悬浮液接种时,7.5~15.0 g/L浓度即可区分出向日葵品种间抗感性差异。始花期接种较盛花期可获得更高的发病率及病情指数。同时筛选出5个对盘腐型菌核病表现抗病的向日葵品种。本研究所建立的田间接种方法能够有效地对向日葵进行抗菌核病筛选和鉴定,可用于向日葵抗菌核病育种。      

东北春玉米区玉米栽培品种对大斑病抗性水平研究

通过人工接种,利用分离纯化的玉米大斑病强毒力菌株和混合菌株对2008～2009年从东北地区收集的269份玉米品种进行温室和大田玉米大斑病抗性水平鉴定。结果表明,温室鉴定条件下这些栽培品种对玉米大斑病抗性水平较低,田间人工接种和自然发病处理整体表现抗玉米大斑病水平较高。田间人工接种处理高感病品种(HS)占0.37%,感病(S)品种占4.83%,中抗(MR)品种占31.60%,抗病(R)品种占55.02%,高抗(HR)品种占7.80%;温室人工接种处理高感品种占64.31%,感病品种占21.56%,中抗品种占10.40%,抗病品种仅占3.72%;田间自然发病处理高感病品种为0,感病品种占1.11%,中抗品种占10.40%,抗病品种占22.68%,高抗品种占65.80%。     

小麦新品种(系)对麦红吸浆虫抗性的鉴定与分析

为了寻找抗吸浆虫的小麦品种或种质材料,采用田间自然鉴定法鉴定了90份小麦新品种(系)对麦红吸浆虫的抗性,结果表明,不同小麦品种(系)对麦红吸浆虫具有明显的抗性差异。对各种类型的材料分析表明,对麦红吸浆虫表现高抗、中抗、低抗、感虫类型的小麦品种(系)分别占参试品种(系)的4.44%、15.56%、61.11%、18.89%。不同小麦品种(系)具有不同的抗虫性,其单穗虫数、穗被害率、粒被害率、损失率、抗性指数均有较大差异。其中表现高抗的品种(系)有4个,表现中抗的有18个,这些品种(系)可作为抗麦红吸浆虫的主栽和后备品种,或作为亲本材料提供给生产和育种利用。     

水稻新品种田间自然病圃抗稻瘟病性鉴定

利用田间自然病圃,用高感稻瘟病品种做诱发,对44个杂交水稻新组合(品种)的抗稻瘟病性进行了鉴定.结果表明:福优27和福优28对稻瘟病表现高抗,富优6号表现抗病,其它组合(品种)对稻瘟病表现感病或高感病.     

信阳市水稻主栽品种稻瘟病抗性评价及合理布局

对信阳市13个水稻主栽品种的稻瘟病抗性进行人工接种鉴定和田间自然诱发鉴定,结果表明,对稻瘟病高抗的品种没有,抗及中抗占23.1%,中感及感病占46.2%,高感占30.7%。根据信阳市水稻主栽品种对稻瘟病的抗性鉴定结果和各县区当地的气候特点、种植方式、水肥条件等因素,提出了不同抗性水平品种的适宜推广地区。最大程度地减轻稻瘟病危害。     

大豆对食叶性害虫抗性机制的研究

１９９３～１９９６年,利用田间自然虫源,以叶面积损失率为指标,进一步鉴定了从６７２４份大豆资源中筛选出的４６份抗感材料对食叶性害虫的抗性表现。从中选出３份抗虫和３份感虫的材料,用以研究自然虫源下豆卷叶螟、斜纹夜蛾、大造桥虫和筛豆龟蝽的产卵选择性,并在实验室和网室人工接虫条件下,研究了抗感材料对斜纹夜蛾的抗虫性机制。结果表明,田间自然虫源下抗感材料以叶面积损失率为指标的综合抗性相差显著;４种重要食叶性害虫在抗虫品种上的产卵量较少;用抗虫品种叶片饲养斜纹夜蛾幼虫,表现为食量减少、体重变小、死亡率增加、历期延长以及蛹重减轻等,而对蛹死亡率和蛹历期的影响不明显。大豆对食叶性害虫具有明显的排趋性和抗生性,尤以后者为重要。     

Profiling and geographical distribution of seed oil content of sunflower in Ukraine

The sunflower has the potential to be a highly competitive crop owing to its diversity market and the valuable oil it produces. Nevertheless, the amount of sunflower seed oil – a key factor for the crushing industry – is affected by genotype and environment, which sometimes is difficult to predict. The paper analyzes the theoretical principles of sunflower growth in Ukraine, highlights the current trends in the sowing of this crop, the influence of climatic factors of the environment on the prospects of the oilseed sunflower yield. The results of the research are presented for 3 years (2014–2016), during the authors conducted a grain quality observatory at the regional level, taking into account the climatic conditions of sunflower growth in different natural zones of Ukraine (from 45° to 51° north latitude and from 22° to 37° east longitude). Additionally, the research includes the coefficient of significance of the deviation from long-term climatic indicators, which makes it possible to forecast sunflower yield in the future. The analyzed data was obtained from the commercial fields with a minimum area of 40 ​ha in all Ukrainian regions except Crimea peninsula, Donetsk and Luhansk regions. The results obtained in research show the great diversity of oil content index as per both latitude and longitude meaning. If we consider the entire country, this survey shows that the seed oil content can change dramatically from year to year: e.g. 47.5% in one year versus 45.7% in another year. Regionally, these changes have a completely different dynamic with a gradual decrease in seed oil content in the southern part of the country. The main goal of the research was to identify the best sunflower growing areas in Ukraine according to the oil content index.     

向日葵抗列当遗传研究

从吉林省境内采集的向日葵材料中鉴定筛选出了对列当抗感性无分离的亲本,配制了3个抗列当( P1 ) ×感列当( P2 )的组合。通过对3个组合F1、F2 和BC1 ( P2 )的列当接种鉴定,后代的表现型符合一对显性等位基因 控制的分离比率。根据抗列当的遗传规律,提出了感列当杂交种和自交系的抗性改良方法。     

Growth,Yield and Quality of Bird-Resistant Sunflower Cultivars Found in Genetic Resources

Abstract

We examined 50 cultivars of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) for their resistance to birds in a field experiment to find parental plants for breeding. Two cultivars, Armarvirskij3497 (from Russia) and Line-41 (from Myanmar), had bird-resistant characteristics. The laboratory bird feeding test indicated that the factors associated with bird resistance were globular seed shape and heavy seed coat, because the main bird feeding on sunflower, oriental greenfinch Carduelis sinica, is relatively small and have difficulty pecking large and globular seeds. Although the two cultivars had unfavorable characters such as low tolerance to lodging and late maturity, the oil contents of their seeds was not significantly lower than that in the susceptible cultivar (63M80). The present findings suggest that Armarvirskij3497 and Line-41 are candidate parental materials for breeding bird-resistant sunflower cultivars without losing seed oil productivity.     

Application strategies for an anthraquinone-based repellent to protect oilseed sunflower crops from pest blackbirds

Non-lethal alternatives are needed to manage the damage caused by wild birds to oilseed sunflower crops (Helianthus annuus Linnaeus). We evaluated field residues and experimental applications of an anthraquinone-based repellent (active ingredient 50% 9,10-anthraquinone) to minimize red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus Linnaeus) depredation of oilseed sunflower. Chemical residues from experimental applications of the anthraquinone-based repellent (4.7 l/ha and 9.4 l/ha; low, high) in a ripening oilseed sunflower field were 481 ppm and 978 ppm anthraquinone at the beginning of blackbird damage, and 385 ppm and 952 ppm anthraquinone at the end of blackbird damage, respectively. Prior to harvest, we observed 402 ppm and 462 ppm anthraquinone in the oil, and 27 ppm and 165 ppm anthraquinone in the pomace from crushed sunflower achenes previously sprayed with the low and high applications, respectively. For the purpose of developing application strategies useful for avian repellents, we subsequently investigated blackbird feeding response to oilseed sunflower treated with the anthraquinone-based repellent and either a registered insecticide or a registered fungicide popularly used for ripening sunflower. We observed a positive concentration–response relationship among blackbirds exposed to anthraquinone and the insecticide (a.i. 8.4% esfenvalerate), or anthraquinone and the fungicide (a.i. 23.6% pyraclostrobin). Blackbirds reliably discriminated between untreated sunflower and that treated with 1810 ppm anthraquinone and 0.1% of the insecticide or 1700 ppm anthraquinone and 0.14% of the fungicide during our preference experiments. Given that ripening achenes are inverted from conventional pesticide applications throughout much of the period associated with blackbird depredation, we also evaluated blackbird repellency of the anthraquinone-based repellent applied to involucral bracts (i.e., the back of sunflower heads) of oilseed sunflower. Blackbirds did not discriminate between untreated involucral bracts and those treated with foliar applications comparable to 4.7 l/ha or 9.4 l/ha; blackbirds consumed more achenes from untreated sunflower heads than from those treated with 18.7 l/ha of the anthraquinone-based repellent. Supplemental repellent efficacy studies should investigate blackbird response to anthraquinone-based repellents (e.g., ≥4.7 l/ha) within 10–100 ha sunflower fields and include independent field replicates with predicted bird damage, repellent application strategies developed for protection of ripening crops, pre- and at-harvest repellent residues, and bird damage and crop yield measurements.     

向日葵抗锈病基因同源序列的克隆与分析

向日葵锈病严重影响向日葵的产量。为了找到抗锈病相关基因,根据已知NBS-LRR型抗病基因保守结构域P-loop和GLPL设计简并引物,以接菌的抗病向日葵品种CM29叶片的cDNA为模板进行扩增。通过克隆转化得到10个具有连续开放阅读框的RGA,经系统进化分析将其分为TIR-NBS-LRR和non-TIR-NBS-LRR两种类型。对其氨基酸序列进行多重序列比对结果显示所获得的RGA具有典型的NBS-LRR型抗病基因保守结构域即P-loop、kinase-2a、kinase-3a和GLPL结构。运用BLASTX分析这些结果,表明其RGA与已知的抗病基因相应保守区域的同源性为18.1%～51.1%,说明它们可能与抗病功能基因具有密切联系。     

Yield response to plant density of maize and sunflower intercropped with soybean

Maize-soybean and sunflower-soybean intercrops have the potential for increasing yield per unit land area and time in fully mechanized farming systems. The objectives of this work were to measure the land equivalent ratio index of maize and sunflower intercropped to soybean, to assess the effects of plant density of its components, and to gain insight into ecophysiological processes affecting their yield determination. Maize-soybean and sunflower-soybean intercrops and their respective sole crops were grown at Balcarce, Argentina during two growing seasons. Treatments included a wide range of plant densities for sole and intercropped sunflower (2-9 plants m⁻²) and maize (4-12 plants m⁻²). Plants were harvested to determine shoot dry matter and grain yield per plot and at the individual plant level. Land equivalent ratio index (LER) increased 11% (mean of the two years) when plant density of sunflower was reduced from 6 to 3 plants m⁻²; and LER increased 5% (year 1) or it was maintained (year 2) when maize plant density was reduced from 8 to 4 plants m⁻². Yield response to plant density of sunflower and maize influenced LER. The response to plant density of intercropped sunflower and maize grain yield followed the same pattern than that in a sole crop, and grain yield of intercropped sunflower or maize were lower than those for the sole crops at each plant density except at the lowest sunflower plant density. Yield reductions from sole crop to intercrop at each plant density averaged 20% and were associated (i) with lower intra-row spacing in the intercrop and (ii) with a lower shoot production rather than to a change in the dry matter partitioning to reproductive structures; in addition, detrimental effects of soybean over maize or sunflower yield were undetectable.     

江苏省主推及新育成小麦品种抗赤霉病评价及毒素积累分析

为明确江苏省小麦主推和新育成品种对赤霉病的抗性水平,2018年至2020年采用单花滴注接种和自然发病方法,对280个江苏省小麦品种进行赤霉病抗性鉴定,并对部分自然发病鉴定品种进行了籽粒DON毒素积累分析。结果表明,85个品种对赤霉病达到中抗及以上水平,其中淮南品种60个,淮北品种25个。经连续3年重复鉴定,筛选出18个抗性水平高且稳定的小麦品种,包括16个淮南品种和2个淮北品种。自然发病条件下,病穗率在10%以上的品种中,90%以上表现为中感及感病。不同小麦品种籽粒中DON毒素积累水平差异较大,毒素水平与小麦品种的病情指数呈正相关。综上所述,淮南较淮北品种的赤霉病抗性高,籽粒DON积累量低;人工接种鉴定可以较准确地反映小麦品种的赤霉病抗性;不同小麦品种发病严重程度与DON毒素积累量呈显著正相关。     

油菜品种和资源材料 对芜菁花叶病毒的抗性鉴定

在人工接种高病害压条件下,对当前生产上应用的13个油菜双低和杂交品种及14份资源材料进行了 对芜菁花叶病毒( TuMV)的抗性鉴定。结果表明,参试的13个油菜品种均不抗TuMV,但感病性低于对照品种中油 821。14份油菜资源材料间抗性差异显著,有3份材料表现高抗和中抗。大部分油菜推广品种表现的高发病率和 病情指数表明在病害流行地区和年份,这些品种不足以抵挡病毒病造成的损失。