半野生和栽培大豆叶片某些光合特性的比较

对半野生、半栽培及栽培大豆叶片某些光合特性指标的比较研究表明,半野生大豆、半栽培大豆和栽培大豆叶面积指数依次降低,而比叶重、叶绿素含量和净光合速率均表现为随品种的进化而增加;从生育期的变化来看,3种类型大豆叶片比叶重和叶绿素含量变化基本一致,苗期和结荚期较低,开花期较高,最大值出现在鼓粒期;3种类型大豆的光合日变化都呈“双峰”曲线型变化,但以栽培大豆日变化最为明显。     

大豆品种遗传改良过程中叶片可溶性糖含量和比叶重的变化

为探讨大豆品种遗传改良过程中可溶性糖含量和比叶重与产量的关系,研究了吉林省1923到2004年育成的30个大豆品种不同生育期叶片可溶性糖含量和比叶重的变化,并对大豆叶片可溶性糖含量和比叶重与产量的关系进行了分析.结果表明:大豆叶片的可溶性糖含量和比叶重都随育成年代而增加,从不同生育期来看,花期和结荚期的可溶性糖含量变化较明显,苗期和鼓粒期变化不明显;而比叶重在花期和鼓粒期明显高于苗期和结荚期.可溶性糖含量在花期和产量呈正相关,苗期和结荚期次之,鼓粒期呈负相关.比叶重在四个生育期都和产量呈正相关.因此,在大豆品种遗传改良过程中,可溶性糖含量和比叶重的性状得到了改善.     

夏大豆植株的光合性能研究

1986—1987年在田间条件下,研究早熟7号和早熟14号大豆植株的光合性能。结果表明:叶片的最高光合速率和平均光合速率,基部叶片>中部叶片>顶部叶片;叶面积、功能期和光合势,均为中上部叶片>顶部叶片>基部叶片。夏大豆植株叶片的平均光合速率,以苗期及开花期较高,随后呈下降趋势,鼓粒后期下降尤其明显。单株光合速率及叶面积随着生育进程呈单峰曲线变化,以结荚期最高。     

水肥耦合对大豆光合特性及产量的影响

在不同化肥施用量条件下,在大豆开花和结荚期分别进行灌水,研究水肥耦合对大豆光合特性及产量的影响以及不同处理的水分利用效率。结果表明:肥量相同的条件下,大豆蒸腾速率和气孔导度的变化趋势一致,即花期+荚期灌水最高,然后依次为荚期灌水、花期灌水、对照;光合速率是荚期灌水最高,其次是花期+荚期灌水,再次花期灌水,对照的光合速率最低;产量随灌水的变化趋势也是荚期灌水最高,然后依次是花期+荚期灌水、花期灌水,对照产量最低。水分处理相同条件下,产量随肥量的增加而增加,高肥结荚期灌水产量最高;水分利用效率是荚期灌水最高,花期灌水居中,花期+荚期灌水最低。因此,在大豆栽培学上通过适当增加肥量,结荚期进行灌水,可以明显提高大豆叶片光合速率、水分利用效率及产量。     

大豆光合生理生态的研究 第18报 不同株型大豆某些生理特性的研究

对美国扁茎大豆、中国有限结荚习性大豆7514及其杂交后代新品系94-1-1、94-1-6某些生理特性及部分产量构成因素的测试分析结果表明：1．新品系材料从结荚期开始光合速率明显高于亲本。光合速率的日变化显示，后代材料类似于美国扁茎大豆，与中国普通大豆差异较大。2．比叶重的变化也表明，后代材料高于美国扁茎与中国普通大豆7514，尤其在结荚期和鼓粒期表现更为突出。3．水分利用效率的变化表现为，前期差异不大，从鼓粒期开始，后代材料明显优于亲本。4．新品系与亲本材料相比具有特异的花序性状和叶片着生态势以及生殖生长期较大的光合速率，从而降低大豆花荚脱落率。     

大豆光合指标日变化规律及其与产量关系研究

为探究大豆光合特性日变化规律及其与产量相关性,更好地预测和评价大豆产量并筛选高产高光效大豆品种,以4个生育期差异较小、产量差异较大的大豆品种临豆9号、潍豆9号、菏豆12号和齐黄34为材料,测定不同品种在开花期、结荚期、鼓粒期和成熟期4个主要生育期的光合指标和叶绿素荧光参数变化规律及其与大豆产量的关系。结果表明:在开花期至成熟期,光合速率日变化呈单峰或双峰曲线,最高峰值出现在10∶00;高产品种齐黄34在鼓粒期和成熟期光合速率日均值显著高于其它品种;产量在结荚期和鼓粒期与Pn日均值、ΦPSⅡ日均值呈显著正相关,与Ci日均值呈显著负相关;鼓粒期和成熟期,Gs日均值与产量呈显著正相关,结果说明结荚期至成熟期,Pn、Gs、Ci、ΦPSⅡ日均值是高产、高光效品种鉴定评价的重要指标。     

大豆不同生育期不同节位叶片的比叶重及叶绿素和全氮含量

大豆生殖生长时期,从植株主茎下部3—4节位起随节位升高比叶重、全氮含量逐渐增加。开花结荚期,下部和中上部节位叶片叶绿素a b含量较低,中部较高;中下部叶片叶绿素a/b比值较低。鼓粒期,植株中上部叶片的比叶重,叶绿索含量、叶绿素a/b比值明显高于中下部叶片。     

半野生和栽培大豆叶片某些光合特性

对半野生、半栽培及栽培大豆叶片某些光合特性指标的比较研究表明,半野生大 豆叶面积指数依次降低,而比叶重、叶绿素含量和净光合速率均表现为随品种的进化而增 3种类型大豆叶片比叶重和叶绿素含量变化基本一致,苗期和结荚期较低,开花期较高, 类型大豆的光合日变化都呈“双峰”曲线型变化,但以栽培大豆日变化最为明显。     

大豆光合日变化的不同类型及其影响因素

用同一品种在不同生育期,不同季节、不同天气以及不同生长条件下研究了大豆的光合日变化。大豆的光合日变化随气候条件,生长环境以及大豆的生育期不同而变化,不遵循一种固定不变的模式,概括起来有单峰型、双峰型、波动型和平缓型四种不同类型。大豆在春、夏、秋三季均能产生午休,土壤水分亏缺使午休加重,在结荚期以前条件适宜的情况下,大豆不易产生午休,此后随着生育期的进展,大豆午休加重,鼓粒期大豆的午休最为严重。     

干旱胁迫对春大豆叶绿素含量和根系活力的影响

以抗旱性不同的3个春大豆品种为材料,对各生育时期不同干旱胁迫条件下叶片叶绿素含量、根系活力和根系相对含水率的变化进行了研究.结果表明:随干旱胁迫程度的增加,叶绿素含量、根系相对含水率显著降低;根系活力苗期＞开花期＞结荚期＞鼓粒期,根系相对含水率鼓粒期＞结荚期＞开花期＞苗期.在干旱胁迫条件下,叶绿素含量在苗期、根系活力在...     

Effect of Soil Compaction on Dry Matter Production and Water Use of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) under Water Deficit Stress during the Reproductive Stage

Abstract

The effect of a long term of soil compaction on dry matter production (DMP) and water use in rice cultivated under limited water supply during the reproductive stage is unknown. Our objectives were to determine which of the transpiration (Tr) or water use efficiency (WUE) is dominant in determining DMP under compacted and desiccated soil conditions. When irrigation in the period around the reproductive stage was terminated in artificially compacted and non-compacted fields, the rate of suppression of DMP by soil compaction was similar in the three rice cultivars, but DMP was higher in drought resistant cultivars having deep root density at the heading stage. Six cultivars were grown in pots of 1.0 m in depth containing the soils of three levels of soil bulk density (SBD). Water supply was restricted by keeping the water table in the pot deep without irrigation during the reproductive stage. DMP and Tr in all cultivars decreased with increasing SBD, and a close relationship was seen between DMP and Tr. WUE was thus a fairly stable factor for all cultivars examined. Tr was positively correlated with root length density and was relatively maintained at a high SBD in drought-resistant cultivars having a higher root length density. We concluded that water shortage under compacted soil conditions during reproductive stage suppressed the DMP, and DMP suppression accompanied a reduction of Tr due to poor root development rather than the reduction of WUE. In the drought-resistant cultivars reduction of DMP was relatively small due to their highly developed root systems that allowed high water absorption from the deep layers in the compacted soil.     

新老大豆品种叶片光合特性的比较

为了了解大豆品种叶片光合特性与产量的关系，我们对跨越70多年的4个老大豆[Glycine max(L.)Merr.]品种和4个新大豆品种的光合特性和产量进行了研究。研究结果表明：新品种产量比老品种提高了91%，新品种叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率、叶绿素含量和比叶重也不同程度高于老品种，其中以净光合速率增加最多(17.3%)，而胞间CO2浓度却低于老品种。在盛花期和盛荚期，新老大豆品种叶片净光合速率与产量呈显著正相关（P﹤0.05），而其它光合特性指标与产量的相关性不稳定。     

Varietal Difference in Nitrogen Redistribution from Leaves and Its Contribution to Seed Yield in Soybean

A large amount of nitrogen is redistributed from vegetative organs to the seeds during seed filling in soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill). However, the effect of nitrogen redistributed from leaves on the seed yield production is not clear. We evaluated the varietal difference in nitrogen redistribution and its contribution to the seed yield. Ten soybean cultivars were cultivated under conventional conditions in the field in Saga, Japan. The plant samples were collected at various reproductive stages, and then the nitrogen contents in each part were determined. The redistributed nitrogen was estimated by the difference in the nitrogen contents of leaves between the plants at the R5 and R7 stages. The nitrogen content of leaves began decreasing after R5 stage in all cultivars, indicating the start of nitrogen redistribution. About 13.8% to 37.9% of the total nitrogen in the seeds was estimated to have been redistributed from the leaf tissues in the ten cultivars. The seed yield was correlated positively with the amount of redistributed nitrogen from leaves but neither with the nitrogen concentration in the leaves at R5 nor with the proportion of redistributed nitrogen in the seeds. However, in high seed yielding years, 2008 and 2009, the seed yield was not associated with nitrogen redistribution; and the lowest nitrogen redistribution was associated with a relatively high seed yield in Tamahomare. Our results indicated that redistribution of a large amount of nitrogen does not always contribute to high seed yielding, implying the direct nitrogen uptake during seed filling could be more important factor for high seed yielding depending on the cultivars.     

不同年代育成大豆叶片氮含量的变化及其与净光合速率的关系

为了解大豆品种遗传改良过程中叶片氮含量的变化及其与净光合速率的关系,对吉林省1923年-2004年间育成的21个大豆品种的叶片氮含量和光合特性进行了研究。结果表明,叶片氮含量与育成年代在R2期和R6期呈极显著或显著正相关,但在R4期呈不显著负相关。在R2期和R6期,大豆品种间叶片单位叶面积氮含量增长率明显大于净光合速率增长率,导致了氮素光合利用效率与育成年代呈极显著或显著负相关;在R4期,现代品种叶片单位叶面积氮含量低于老品种,而净光合速率仍高于老品种,导致了氮素光合利用效率与育成年代呈显著正相关。叶片氮含量高,叶绿素含量就高,净光合速率也高,但氮素光合利用效率却低;可将R4期氮素光合利用效率作为高产品种选育的一个指标。       

Yield and dry matter dynamics of vegetative and reproductive organs in Japanese and US soybean cultivars

ABSTRACT

Recently, US soybean cultivars have exhibited higher yields than Japanese soybean cultivars. To identify the determinants for this yield difference in reference to dry matter dynamics, recently developed US cultivars and Japanese commercial cultivars were cultivated in drained paddy fields in 2012 and 2013. The total dry matter (TDM) of each cultivar was measured at the initial seed-filling stage (R5), at 30 d after R5, and at maturity (R8). From R5 to R8, the DM of abscised leaves and petioles were measured. The actual HI (with abscised leaves and petioles) and apparent HI (without abscised leaves and petioles) were determined at R8. US soybean cultivars showed higher yields and apparent TDM (without abscised leaves and petioles) than did Japanese cultivars at R8. However, the difference in actual TDM (with abscised leaves and petioles) production was not significant between US and Japanese cultivars at R8. On the other hand, the actual HI was higher in US cultivars than in Japanese cultivars. US cultivars exhibited a higher TDM distribution to the pod before R5 and a higher pod growth rate from R5 to 30 d after R5. US cultivars tended to show greater crop growth rates (CGRs) from R5 to 30 d after R5. The higher yield in US cultivars was associated with the higher actual HI, which was considered attributable to a greater TDM productivity during the seed-filling period and higher DM distribution in the pod before R5.     

草甘膦对抗草甘膦大豆光合特性日变化的影响

在大田条件下,采用随机区组设计,研究了不同用量草甘膦对抗草甘膦大豆(RR1)光合特性日变化的影响。结果表明:(1)在未喷施草甘膦情况下,抗草甘膦大豆(RR1)的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)日变化均呈单峰曲线,峰值分别出现在10∶00、12∶00和10∶00。RR1叶片叶绿素含量指数(CCI)的日变化呈先降低后升高趋势,14∶00左右最低。水分利用效率(WUE)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)随着时间的推移均呈波浪式变化,WUE在6∶00、10∶00和16∶00有3个小峰,而Ci在6∶00最高。(2)喷施草甘膦后,RR1光合特性的日变化趋势总体与未喷药前相似。Pn和CCI随草甘膦用量的增加呈降低趋势;但当草甘膦用量大于4.48 L.hm-2时,CCI和Pn显著下降。12∶00以前(包含12∶00),除低用量(1.12 L.hm-2)的草甘膦促进RR1的Gs外,各用量抑制了RR1的Tr和Gs;而12∶00以后,草甘膦却促进了RR1的Tr和Gs。草甘膦增加了RR1的Ci,而大于2.24 L.hm-2的草甘膦却降低了RR1的WUE。表明光强和草甘膦会影响大豆的光合特性和叶绿素含量。     

Genotypic Variation in Biomass Production at the Early Vegetative Stage among Rice Cultivars Subjected to Deficient Soil Moisture Regimes and Its Association with Water Uptake Capacity

References

Genetic improvement in water uptake ability and/or water use efficiency (WUE) of rice cultivars is one option to enhance productivity under water-limited conditions. We examined the genotypic variation in biomass production among 70 rice cultivars (69 cultivars of NIAS global rice core collection and Azucena) under different soil moisture conditions, and to identify whether water uptake ability or WUE is responsible for the variation, if any. Two-week-old seedlings were transplanted into pots and grown for three weeks in an environmentally-regulated growth chamber under three soil moisture regimes: flooded (?0.02 MPa soil water potential) and two unflooded (?0.10 and ?0.52 MPa) conditions. Substantial genotypic variations in total dry weight (TDW) were observed under all three regimes. Among all the cultivars tested, TDW was significantly correlated with water uptake ability, but not with WUE. However, several cultivars exhibited comparably higher WUE while showing superior biomass production under the ?0.52 MPa regime. The amount of water uptake was significantly correlated with root dry weight among cultivars regardless of moisture regimes, while substantial genotypic difference in the amount of water uptake per unit root dry weight was observed. These results indicate that a marked genotypic difference exists in biomass production at the early vegetative growth under water-deficient conditions, and that this difference appears to be ascribed primarily to greater water uptake capacity, and additionally to higher WUE in drought-tolerant cultivars.     

吉林省不同时期育成大豆品种叶片衰老过程中光合相关参数的研究

为了探明吉林省不同时期育成的栽培大豆品种在叶片衰老过程中光合相关参数变化,将1923-2006年划分为4个时期,第一时期为1960年以前、第二时期为1961-1980年、第三时期为1981-2000年和第四时期为2001年以后,以吉林省不同时期育成的20个栽培大豆品种为材料进行田间试验。用Li-6400光合测定仪在R2(开花期)、R4(结荚期)、R6(鼓粒期)和R7(成熟期)进行叶片光合相关参数测定。结果表明:不同时期育成大豆品种,在R4、R6和R7期净光合速率、叶绿素含量和比叶重皆表现为:第一时期第二时期第三时期第四时期。从衰老进程来看,R4~R6期,不同时期育成大豆品种的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率及叶绿素含量下降值比皆表现为:第一时期第二时期第三时期第四时期。R6~R7期,大豆品种比叶重下降值比表现为:第一时期第二时期第三时期第四时期。这说明随着品种遗传改良,改善了大豆叶片光合相关参数,提高了叶片的光合作用,延长了光合时间,从而延缓叶片衰老,为产量的提高奠定物质基础。     

大豆叶片蒸腾速率和气孔阻力初步研究

1986—1987年间,用LI-1600稳态气孔计测定大豆7个品种叶片蒸腾速率表明:大豆开花期叶片蒸腾速率高于结荚期。植株中上部节位叶片蒸腾速率较大。一日中蒸腾速率高峰值在14时,日进程呈单峰曲线。供试品种间蒸腾速率存在差异,尤其高产品种中午叶片蒸腾速率明显高于老品种。蒸腾速率与气孔阻力呈负相关,与光量子流密度、叶温呈正相关。     

Response of carbon isotope discrimination and oxygen isotope composition to mild drought in slow- and fast-wilting soybean genotypes

Drought restrains soybean (Glycine max L. [Merr.]) growth and production, but few tools are available to evaluate differences in drought tolerance among soybean genotypes. Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ¹³C) and oxygen isotope composition (δ¹⁸O) have been used as surrogate measures of water-use efficiency (WUE) and transpiration, respectively. This three-year study evaluated drought effects during reproductive stages on five fast- and five slow-wilting genotypes under fully irrigated conditions and two levels of drought severity. Leaves and seeds were analyzed for Δ¹³C, and seeds were analyzed for δ¹⁸O. The Δ¹³C values generally decreased in both leaves and seeds with decreasing water availability (i.e., higher WUE). In contrast, as water availability decreased, the δ¹⁸O values generally increased, indicating decreased transpiration, but δ¹⁸O values were not consistent between wilting groups or among genotypes within wilting groups across years. Values of Δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O from seed were positively correlated for the fully-irrigated and the mild-drought levels, which is consistent with increased WUE being associated with decreased transpiration. For the fully-irrigated and mild-drought levels grain yield was also negatively correlated with Δ¹³C. The results indicate that Δ¹³C measurement is a promising tool in identifying drought-tolerant soybean genotypes and in understanding the relationship between WUE and transpiration.