早熟春玉米新品种龙单13的选育及利用

早熟春玉米新品种龙单13由黑龙江省农科院玉米研究中心抗病育种室选用半马齿型改良自交系K10为母本,以自育二环系龙抗11为父本杂交育成,1994年春经黑龙江省农作物品种审定委员会审定推广。该品种生育日数112～115d(哈尔滨),需≥10℃积温2320℃*d,具有产量水平高、抗病抗逆性强,子粒商品品质好,适应性广的特点。适宜黑龙江省第三积温带和第二积温带下限以及吉林山区、半山区、内蒙古东北部旗(县)、河北部分市(县)等早熟春玉米区种植。到1999年龙单13累积推广面积已达173.82万hm²,已成为北方早熟春玉米区主栽品种之一。     

高产优质多抗玉米新杂交种济单7号的选育及推广应用

济单7号是济源市农业科学研究所1995年以自育系济533为母本,外引系昌7-2②为父本组配而成的玉米单交种.该品种属于中秆大穗中熟品种,1998～2001年在河南省、国家区域试验和生产试验中,表现高产、稳产、优质、多抗和适应性广等特点,一般产量在7500kg/hm²以上.适宜我国东华北春玉米区和黄淮海夏玉米区种植。     

玉米杂交种丹玉26选育技术报告

丹玉26(丹2100)是丹东农业科学院以自选系丹9046为母本,丹598为父本组配而成的玉米杂交种.该品种属晚熟品种,需≥10℃积温3 100℃·d左右.1995～1999年在各级各类区域试验中表现高产、稳产、抗病、抗倒、耐旱、适应性强.一般单产9 750 kg/hm²以上,比各地主栽品种增产8%以上.适宜在吉林南部、辽宁大部及华北春玉米区种植.种植密度以每公顷43 500株为宜,比空和清种均可     

高产、优质、多抗玉米新品种豫玉31的选育与示范推广

豫玉31(漯单97-1)是河南省漯河农科所用自选系漯12作母本,外引系丹340作父本育成的竖叶大穗中早熟玉米单交种.该品种夏播生育期96d.1997～1998年河南省夏玉米区域试验平均单产7695.0kg/hm²,比对照种豫玉12增产13.5%.两年20点次试验证明,该品种表现高产、稳产、优质、多抗、适应性广、增产潜力大,适宜在黄淮海夏玉米区套种或直播种植.种植密度45000～60000株/hm².制种时父母本同期播种或父本浸种后与母本同期播种,行比1:5～6。     

赣北地区双季稻田春玉米种植技术

1998年,我们市、县、镇三级农技人员在修水县马坳镇黄溪村的20 hm²双季稻田进行了净种春玉米的示范,旨在探讨将我区双季稻田传统的"早稻--晚稻”种植模式改变为新的"春玉米--晚稻”种植模式,促进由单一口粮型产粮结构向"口粮型”与"饲料粮型”并重的产粮结构转变,以提高粮食转化率和种粮效益.通过示范,基本摸清了我区的双季稻田春玉米生育状态(春玉米7月中旬可以成熟,季节上不影响二季晚稻)、产量表现(最高单产为6540kg/hm²,平均单产为4684kg/hm²,高于同期的早稻产量)、病虫害等因子对产量的影响,总结出"因地制宜选择田块,开沟吊地创造春玉米旱作环境,选用中熟玉米单交种,运用营养钵双膜覆盖培育壮苗,早播早栽争早熟,合理密植,足肥勤中耕,防治玉米病虫害”等一整套适合我区双季稻田春玉米生产的栽培技术。     

果蔬型玉米新品种鲜甜2号的选育与应用

加强甜玉米新品种鲜甜2号是山西省农业科学院玉米研究所于1998年以自选系T4为母本,自选系T3为父本杂交选育而成,属早熟玉米单交种.1999～2003年在各级各类试验及生产中表现出高产、优质、抗病和适应性好等特点,鲜果穗产量在12 750～13 500 kg/hm2,适宜在早熟春玉米区种植,种植密度以45 000～52 500株/hm2为宜.     

果蔬型玉米新品种鲜甜2号的选育与应用

加强甜玉米新品种鲜甜2号是山西省农业科学院玉米研究所于1998年以自选系T4为母本,自选系T3为父本杂交选育而成,属早熟玉米单交种.1999～2003年在各级各类试验及生产中表现出高产、优质、抗病和适应性好等特点,鲜果穗产量在12 750～13 500 kg/hm2,适宜在早熟春玉米区种植,种植密度以45 000～52 500株/hm2为宜。     

玉米新品种农单5号

农单5号由河北农业大学农学院玉米育种室1993年育成,组合为农系531×农系110。该品种夏播生育期105d(保定),属中早熟品种。1996～1997年河北省区域试验平均单产7923.9kg/hm²,比对照冀单29增产13.3%。试验证明,农单5号表现高产、稳产,农艺性状优良,抗病、抗倒、抗旱性好。适宜黄淮海地区夏直播或套播及东华北地区春晚播。种植密度以57000株/hm²比以1:4～5为宜。     

晋单(糯)41玉米新品种的选育与推广

晋单(糯)41玉米是山西省农业科学院玉米研究所1996年以自选系N9603作母本,自选系N9605作父本杂交育成的早熟黄糯玉米杂交种,经1997～2000年的品比、生产试验、专家田间鉴定、抗病鉴定、品质分析,该品种生育期较短、抗逆性好、品质优良、高产稳产,适宜在我国玉米种植区种植,且可以单种,复(套)种,春、夏、冬播种,该品种是目前鲜食玉米青穗直接出售或速冻、真空包装保鲜加工以及糯玉米糁、糯玉米面、糯淀粉等深加工的理想品种,种植密度为每公顷45 000～52 500株^[1]。     

早熟、高产玉米新品种新玉9号的选育与推广

新玉9号是新疆农垦科学院作物所1989年育成,1998年审定的早熟玉米新品种,需≥10℃的活动积温2 400℃* d左右.该品种为南疆复播玉米适宜品种和目前北疆非传统套种最佳玉米品种.至2001年累计推广种植近10万hm²。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.