玉米穗腐病抗性机制及抗病育种研究进展

玉米穗腐病是由病原菌侵染引起果穗或子粒病变的一种真菌性病害,在世界玉米种植区域普遍发生。本文总结玉米穗腐病研究最新研究进展,从病原菌类型及生理小种、抗性种质资源筛选、抗性机制、抗性遗传、抗性基因与分子标记定位等方面对玉米穗腐病进行全面综述,结合当前玉米穗腐病研究现状进行展望,为玉米穗腐病的抗病分子机制及分子辅助育种提供理论参考。     

河西走廊玉米穗粒腐病侵染规律及发病因子研究

根据田间调查和病原菌鉴定,明确了河西走廊玉米穗粒病是由8种病原菌复合侵染所致。其中Fusariummoniliforme和F.graminearum共同组成了玉米穗粒腐病的优势菌种。探明了玉米穗粒腐病的发生与品种抗性、环境条件、种植密度、施肥量及虫害之间的关系。     

玉米穗腐病抗性遗传与育种研究进展

总结玉米穗腐病最新研究进展,从发病症状、侵染途径、病原菌种类、抗性鉴定方法、抗性种质鉴定、抗病遗传机制解析等方面进行综述,结合当前玉米穗腐病的抗病育种研究现状进行展望,为玉米穗腐病抗病种质资源的创制及抗病新品种的选育提供理论参考。     

玉米穗轴对穗腐病抗性鉴定体系与优异抗源的研究

穗轴作为拟轮枝镰孢菌侵染果穗引发玉米穗腐病的重要途径之一，能够影响病原菌的侵染和扩散。为了深入开展玉米穗轴对拟轮枝镰孢菌抗性的研究以及了解玉米穗腐病子粒与穗轴抗性的差异，进行抗性鉴定体系的优化，利用164份国内外玉米骨干自交系进行两年两点的接种鉴定筛选优异抗源，对发病边长、发病芯长、发病面积、发病相对面积等4个抗性指标进行研究。结果表明，发病边长能较大程度地区分不同自交系间的抗感差异且又在材料内具有较好的重演性。把发病边长确定为玉米穗腐病穗轴抗性鉴定指标，对参试自交系进行抗性评价，鉴定出CML27、BT-1、CML274等58份穗轴高抗自交系，筛选出BT-1、CML173、CML193等8份子粒与穗轴均抗穗腐病的优异抗源。     

40份骨干玉米自交系对镰孢穗腐病的抗性评价

2018~2019年针对黑龙江省穗腐病自然发病率较低的40份骨干玉米自交系，通过田间人工接种手段，对其镰孢穗腐病抗性进行评价。结果表明，在分别接种禾谷镰孢菌和拟轮枝镰孢菌后，各自交系的抗性潜力存在差异，筛选出自交系83J03、HB1037、绥系617、SX718、PHT77抗穗腐病能力较强，其中，骨干自交系83J03、绥系617于不同年际间表现出稳定的高抗性，受自然环境变化的影响较小，可以作为抗原用于抗穗腐病改良选育工作中。自交系HB1124、N5针对穗腐病综合抗性较低，穗腐病高发地区需谨慎使用，为镰孢穗腐病抗性育种及种质改良提供材料基础和试验依据。     

玉米穗粒腐病的发生和防治

全面地综述了近年来玉米穗粒腐病的研究现状,主要包括玉米穗粒腐病的发生危害、症状类型、病原类型、发生流行规律及防治现状。     

部分玉米骨干种质对木霉穗腐病抗性及产量性状分析

在玉米吐丝后7～10d采用针刺接种法接种非洲哈茨木霉，收获期对发病等级和相关产量性状进行调查，评估部分玉米骨干种质对木霉穗腐病抗性及木霉穗腐病对玉米产量的影响。结果显示，所选取的骨干种质中，大部分种质对木霉穗腐病表现高感，仅Mo17表现为感病，无抗性种质。木霉穗腐病对部分种质的有效穗长、百粒重、穗粒重有较大影响，PH6WC、B73、掖478和黄早四的有效穗长显著增加，最高可达32.19%，郑单958、PH6WC、Mo17、自330、掖478和黄早四的百粒重显著降低，最高可达38.46%；郑单958、Mo17、自330、掖478和黄早四的穗粒重显著降低，最高可达53.41%。木霉穗腐病可促进部分种质产生穗发芽，在不同种质间存在较大差异，PH6WC的穗发芽率高达80.00%。     

吉林省玉米镰刀菌穗腐病和茎腐病病原菌传染循环研究

玉米茎腐病病原菌禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum Schwabe)、串珠镰刀菌(F.moniliform sheldon )及腐霉菌(Pythium spp)中，可引起穗粒腐的只有禾谷镰刀菌及串珠镰刀菌两种。串珠镰刀菌是玉米穗腐病的主要病原菌，而禾谷镰刀菌是茎腐病的优势病原菌。其传染循环是由种子和土壤带菌诱发苗病，再导致茎腐病，又通过体外传染至穗部，发生穗粒腐。     

玉米木霉穗腐病接种方法及玉米新品种的抗性分析

穗腐病是玉米的重要病害之一。近年来,由木霉Trichoderma spp.引起的穗腐病逐年加重。抗病玉米品种的选育和利用是控制穗腐病的经济、安全和有效措施。连续3年(2020-2022年)比较分析花丝喷雾法、花丝通道注射法、子粒注射法、牙签法等接种方法对玉米木霉穗腐病抗性鉴定效果。结果表明,花丝通道注射法发病强度适中,能使不同品种在人工接种后表现出不同水平的抗性反应,较适用于玉米抗木霉穗腐病鉴定接种,是一种比较理想、容易操作的接种方法。2021-2022年鉴定的玉米新品种中,对木霉穗腐病表现高抗、抗性、中抗、感病和高感的品种分别占2.6%、13.6%、26.0%、44.4%和13.4%。     

大田玉米籽粒果皮厚度与镰刀菌穗腐病感病性之间的关系

大田玉米籽粒果皮厚度与镰刀菌穗腐病感病性之间的关系Ｒ．Ｗ．Ｈｏｅｎｉｓｃｈ等在加利福尼亚，玉米镰刀菌穗腐病（Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍｍｏｎｉｌｉｆｏｒｍｅ）的发生与害虫为害籽粒有关。Ｆａｒｒａｒ和Ｄａｖｉｓ证明了穗腐病的严重性与玉米穗内西花蓟马（Ｆｒａｎｋｌ...     

Ear rot,aflatoxin accumulation,and fungal biomass in maize after inoculation with Aspergillus flavus

Aflatoxin, a toxin produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus Link: Fries, occurs naturally in maize (Zea mays L.). Aflatoxin is a potent human carcinogen and is also toxic to livestock, pets, and wildlife. When contaminated with aflatoxin, the value of maize grain is markedly reduced. This investigation was conducted to compare ear rot, aflatoxin accumulation, and fungal biomass in maize single crosses with varying degrees of resistance to aflatoxin accumulation and to determine the relative importance of general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) in the inheritance of resistance to ear rot, aflatoxin accumulation, and fungal biomass. Eight germplasm lines with different levels of resistance to aflatoxin accumulation were used as parents of a diallel cross. The cross was evaluated for visible ear rot, aflatoxin accumulation, and A. flavus infection in the grain. A. flavus infection was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays. Both GCA and SCA were significant sources of variation in the inheritance of the three traits although GCA accounted for a greater portion of the variation among single crosses. The interactions of GCA and SCA with years were highly significant for aflatoxin accumulation, but not significant for A. flavus infection. Estimates of GCA effects were highly significant for both reduced A. flavus infection and reduced aflatoxin accumulation for Mp313E, Mp715, and Mp717. Conversely, GCA effects associated with GA209 were significant for reduced levels of A. flavus infection and ear rot, but high levels of aflatoxin accumulation. Mp313E, Mp715, and Mp717 should be useful in breeding programs targeting both reduced levels of fungal infection and aflatoxin accumulation.     

Effect of plant density on toxigenic fungal infection and mycotoxin contamination of maize kernels

Field experiments were set up from 2001 to 2004 in North West Italy to determine the effects of plant density on the susceptibility of medium and medium-late maturity maize hybrids to ear rot and to mycotoxin contamination in natural infection conditions. The ears were rated for the incidence and severity of disease symptoms at harvest and the harvested kernels were analysed for mycotoxin fumonisin B₁, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, aflatoxin B₁ and ochratoxin A.     

Diallel analysis of fumonisin accumulation in maize

Contamination of maize (Zea mays L.) grain with aflatoxin, produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus Link: Fries, or fumonisin, produced by the fungus Fusarium verticillioides (Saccardo) Nirenberg (Syn F. moniliforme Sheldon), greatly reduces its value and marketability. Host resistance to fungal infection and mycotoxin accumulation is considered a highly desirable way to reduce losses of both aflatoxin and fumonisin. Maize germplasm lines with resistance to aflatoxin accumulation have been developed in Mississippi. Three of the aflatoxin-resistant lines and five additional lines were used as parents to produce a diallel cross. The diallel cross was evaluated for fumonisin accumulation in field tests conducted in Mississippi in 2007 and 2008. General combining ability (GCA) was a highly significant source of variation in both 2007 and 2008, but specific combining ability (SCA) was not significant. GCA effects for reduced fumonisin levels were highly significant for Mp715, Mp717, and GA209. Mp715 and Mp717 were developed and released as sources of resistance to aflatoxin contamination and exhibit resistance as inbred lines and in hybrid combinations. These lines should be useful in developing maize lines and hybrids with resistance to both fumonisin and aflatoxin accumulation in grain.     

玉米镰孢穗腐病发生条件及化学防治效果研究

通过人工接种筛选抗病品种资源,研究播期、种植密度对病害发生的影响,明确玉米镰孢菌穗腐病发生与品种资源、播期、种植密度的关系,分析棘孢木霉菌颗粒剂(TCF)和XDS种衣剂(40%毒死蜱乳油、20%辛硫磷和10%井岗霉素混剂)对玉米穗腐病的防效。结果表明,32个自交系中有6个抗病自交系,延迟播种玉米镰孢菌穗腐病发生严重,播种密度对病害发生程度无显著影响。人工接种条件下,TCF颗粒剂穴施、XDS种衣剂拌种2个处理表现为百粒重增加、秃尖长度降低,TCF颗粒剂穴施处理的防效最高,为48.69%。     

黑龙江省不同生态区玉米杂交种主要农艺性状的遗传相关与通径分析

运用SPSS18.0对不同生态区玉米杂交种产量与主要农艺性状中的生育期、株高、穗位高、穗长,穗粗、秃尖长、穗行数、行粒数、百粒重和出籽率关系进行逐步回归分析和通径分析。结果表明,根据积温、地理和气候条件,黑龙江省试验二区在品种选育上应着重选择粗穗、长穗、行多和出籽率高的品种;黑龙江省试验四区在品种选育上应着重选择生育期适当、低穗位高和适当提高株高的品种;黑龙江省试验五区在品种选育上应着重选择粗穗、长穗、出籽率高和封顶性好的品种;黑龙江省试验六区在品种选育上应着重选择中长穗和封顶性好的品种。     

Fusarium genetic traceability: Role for mycotoxin control in small grain cereals agro-food chains

Risks associated with mycotoxin contamination of cereals, that are included in the ten major staple foods and greatly contribute to the dietary energy intake, are of worldwide relevance. In small grain cereals, mycotoxins are produced by fungi such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria and Fusarium that colonize the plant in the field and can grow during the post-harvest period, producing several classes of mycotoxins. The identification of mycotoxigenic fungal species and strains is essential for developing effective strategies for control. For this purpose, genetic traceability has proved to be a valuable tool that can be applied along the whole production chain, starting in the field for early diagnosis of FHB (Fusarium Head Blight) disease to the final processing steps, such as malting or pasta making. In this paper, DNA-based analytical tools that are currently available for the identification and quantification of mycotoxigenic fungal species and strains are reviewed, with particular emphasis on Fusarium, and their possible applications in mycotoxin control in small grain cereal chains are discussed.