不同基因型大豆磷镁养分互作效应初探

为了探究不同大豆基因型对磷和镁互作的响应，从而在养分缺乏条件下，指导磷和镁肥施用，提高大豆产量，通过盆栽试验，对磷高效大豆基因型HN89和磷低效大豆基因型HN112进行了高低磷（高磷500μmol/L，低磷25μmol/L KH2PO4）处理以及高低镁（高镁1 000μmol/L，低镁0μmol/L MgSO4·7H2O）处理，分析了大豆的生长情况和根系形态指标的变化，并且测定了植株对磷、镁、钾和钙的吸收情况。结果表明，磷是限制大豆生长的主要因素，增加磷的施用，能改善大豆的生长状况，增加生物量，磷处理显著影响大豆的地上部镁含量、钾含量和钙含量；而镁处理显著影响大豆对镁和钙的吸收，但对钾的吸收没有影响。同时，磷和镁处理对大豆镁吸收的影响存在显著的交互作用，低镁处理下，增加磷的供应只能够显著增加磷高效基因型植株体内镁含量，而在高镁处理下，增加磷的供应，无论磷高效还是磷低效大豆基因型的植株体内镁含量均显著增加。相关性分析结果表明，磷低效大豆HN112地上部镁含量与磷含量存在显著的正相关关系，表明磷能促进镁的吸收，磷镁存在互作；并且地上部的镁含量与钾和钙含量之间也只在磷低效大豆HN112中呈显著正相关关系，表明，镁与磷、钾、钙的互作受大豆基因型的影响。因此，在农业生产中，选择适宜的大豆品种，并进行磷、镁肥的合理配合施用，更有利于大豆高产高效的栽培。     

磷酸二铵对超高产和普通大豆品种根系形态的影响

在大田条件下,对不同磷酸二铵施用量下超高产和普通大豆品种的根系干重、根系总长度、根系直径、根系表面积、根系体积、根尖数、产量及倒伏指数进行了比较研究。结果表明:在全生育期,除大豆根系直径外,其他根系形态指标都呈单峰曲线变化;适量的磷酸二铵可显著提高大豆植株根系干重、根系总长度、根系直径、根系表面积、根系体积和根尖数,其中超高产大豆品种根干重上升幅度更大;根系形态指标的提高有利于促进根系干物质积累,提高产量。不同施肥处理对超高产大豆品种倒伏指数影响较小,超高产大豆品种在不同施肥处理下产量显著高于普通大豆。     

磷酸二铵对超高产大豆和普通大豆品种根系形态的影响

在大田条件下,对超高产大豆品种和普通大豆品种的根系干重、根系总长度、根系直径、根系表面积、根系体积、根尖数、产量及倒伏指数进行了比较研究.结果表明:在全生育期,除大豆根系直径外,其他根系形态指标都呈单峰曲线变化;适量的磷酸二铵可显著提高大豆植株根系干重、根系总长度、根系直径、根系表面积、根系体积和根尖数,其中超高产大豆品种根干重上升幅度更大;根系形态指标的提高有利于促进根系干物质积累,提高产量.不同施肥处理对超高产大豆品种倒伏指数影响较小,超高产大豆品种在不同施肥处理下产量显著高于普通大豆.     

大豆致敏蛋白及其清除方法的研究进展

大豆含有丰富的蛋白质和平衡的氨基酸组分,是人和畜禽优质的植物蛋白源.然而,近年来,大豆中含有的抗原蛋白导致人和动物过敏反应的问题越来越受到关注,大豆致敏蛋白的相关研究成为大豆蛋白研究与应用的新热点.该文综述了大豆致敏蛋白的种类、特征,对有效加工、灭活大豆致敏蛋白的方法进行了归纳,着重介绍了传统育种方法结合基因工程手段在...     

大豆农药残留元素分析样品处理方法探讨

大豆农药残留元素分析样品处理方法探讨张宏伟张建平（黑龙江省分析测试中心·哈尔滨,１５００５０）众所周知,在大豆品质分析过程中,有一个重要环节,是农药残留微量元素的分析。近些年来,大豆农药残留微量元素分析方法越来越多地采用光谱仪器分析（主要为原子吸收法...     

玉米与大豆间作条件下不同茎叶处理除草剂的筛选

选用五种除草剂在玉米与大豆间作田间进行茎叶喷施,调查不同处理对田间杂草的防效、作物的安全性和作物产量的影响。结果表明:40 g/L烟嘧磺隆和55%咪唑乙烟酸两种除草剂对杂草防效均在90%以上,而且对玉米和大豆两种作物安全。40 g/L烟嘧磺隆使大豆增产27.8%,,玉米增产16.4%。5%咪唑乙烟酸使大豆增产42%,,玉米增产16.4%。筛选出的这两种除草剂比较适宜于玉米与大豆间作时的茎叶处理除草剂。     

大豆磁化处理试验研究

大豆经磁化处理后，可使大豆出苗势增强，出苗期提前，降低株高，早熟1-2d。还有提高结荚率、提高产量的效果。其中磁化时间20min，增产可达15.2%。     

大豆机械化高产栽培技术

一个军队系统大型农场从国营农场引进机械化生产技术，经过长期实践，使大豆始终维持在667m^2产150kg以上，本文系统介绍了该场的大豆机械化高产栽培技术。     

大豆蛋白中抗原物质的研究进展

自发现大豆蛋白中抗原物质可引起幼龄动物发生过敏以来,大豆抗原的研究受到广大学者所关注.在某种程度上,它们的存在影响了大豆的营养价值,从而限制了其广泛利用.本文综述了大豆抗原分离提纯与有效加工灭活的方法,以及大豆抗原在仔猪、犊牛和鼠体内抗营养作用及消化动力学的研究进展,为进一步完善其致敏机理提供科学参考.     

仿生包衣装置对大豆发芽与苗期植株性状的影响

为了提高大豆种子的包衣质量,促进包衣种子的发芽与苗期生长,实现苗齐苗壮,增加产量。以黑农48大豆种子为供试材料,对仿生包衣装置处理和现有包衣装置处理的大豆种子进行单因素田间试验,以未包衣大豆种子为对照组CK,仿生包衣装置处理的大豆种子为处理1,现有包衣装置处理的大豆种子为处理2,测定大豆种子发芽情况和苗期植株性状,比较2种包衣装置的包衣效果。结果表明:处理1和处理2的大豆种子发芽指标和苗期植株性状指标均高于对照组CK,处理1较处理2的发芽指数增长20.21%,根鲜重增长11.26%,主根长增长11.15%,且处理1和处理2的发芽指数、根鲜重、主根长差异显著。仿生装置处理较正常包衣处理种子生长状况更好的原因为仿生搅拌叶片更能减少搅拌叶片对大豆种子种皮和胚的损伤,增加大豆包衣的均匀性,进而提高了种子的包衣质量。通过田间试验验证了仿生包衣装置较现有包衣装置在包衣效果上的优越性,研究结果可为包衣设备改进优化提供数据支持和实用参考。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

The Critical Studies of Fucoxanthin Research Trends from 1928 to June 2021: A Bibliometric Review

Fucoxanthin is a major carotenoid in brown macroalgae and diatoms that possesses a broad spectrum of health benefits. This review evaluated the research trends of the fucoxanthin field from 1928 to June 2021 using the bibliometric method. The present findings unraveled that the fucoxanthin field has grown quickly in recent years with a total of 2080 publications. Japan was the most active country in producing fucoxanthin publications. Three Japan institutes were listed in the top ten productive institutions, with Hokkaido University being the most prominent institutional contributor in publishing fucoxanthin articles. The most relevant subject area on fucoxanthin was the agricultural and biological sciences category, while most fucoxanthin articles were published in Marine Drugs. A total of four research concepts emerged based on the bibliometric keywords analysis: “bioactivities”, “photosynthesis”, “optimization of process’’, and “environment”. The “bioactivities” of fucoxanthin was identified as the priority in future research. The current analysis highlighted the importance of collaboration and suggested that global collaboration could be the key to valorizing and efficiently boosting the consumer acceptability of fucoxanthin. The present bibliometric analysis offers valuable insights into the research trends of fucoxanthin to construct a better future development of this treasurable carotenoid.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.