不同类型饲用玉米的氮肥运筹研究

针对不同类型饲用玉米在N肥用量一定的情况下,我们通过不同时期和不同的施肥比例试验发现:拔节期和大喇叭口期增加氮肥的施用比例有利于饲用玉米的干物质积累和产量形成。且不同类型玉米施氮的侧重时期不同,青贮型玉米侧重于大喇叭口期,粮饲兼用型玉米侧重于拔节期。     

刈割对不同类型玉米再生分蘖及产量和品质的影响

以饲用玉米品种科多8号（多蘖多穗型）、普通玉米泰玉2号（多蘖单穗型）和郑单958（无蘖单穗型）为试验材料,研究了不同类型玉米在不同生育阶段刈割后再生分蘖的干物质积累产量及其对品质的影响。结果表明：拔节期刈割主茎后饲用玉米品种科多8号单株分蘖数有所增加,泰玉2号和郑单958单株分蘖数均降低;大喇叭口期刈割显著增加了科多8号和泰玉2号的单株分蘖数,降低了郑单958的单株分蘖数。拔节期和大喇叭口期刈割后3个品种分蘖的干物质积累量均表现为科多8号＞泰玉2号＞郑单958,并且3个品种均是大喇叭口期刈割处理＞拔节期刈割处理＞不刈割（对照）。刈割大大提高玉米子粒的粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量,改善了玉米子粒的品质,并且能够增加玉米鲜秸秆的产量,缓解了畜牧业饲料来源不足的问题。     

喷施玉黄金对玉米产量的影响

在山东禹城大田条件下,以郑单958和中单808为试验材料,研究了玉米8展叶期喷施不同浓度玉黄金对与抗倒伏有关的若干性状及产量的影响。结果表明,喷施玉黄金具有降低玉米株高和穗位高以及增加茎粗、减小叶面积的显著效应,对玉米产量具有明显的影响,喷施浓度适宜能达到增产效果。两个供试品种喷施玉黄金的适宜浓度不同,但均是通过增加穗粒数来实现增产。     

草地贪夜蛾的防治时期和次数对玉米产量的影响

草地贪夜蛾（Spodoptera frugiperda）是世界重要的迁飞害虫,具有迁飞速度快、适生区域广、繁殖能力强、危害程度高、防控难度大等特点。为了明确草地贪夜蛾的防治时期和次数对玉米产量的影响,进一步探究周年繁殖区草地贪夜蛾的防治指标提供理论依据,田间选用甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐分别于苗期、小喇叭口期、大喇叭口期和抽雄期防治草地贪夜蛾,玉米收获期测定主要产量指标,分析防治时期、防治次数、施药间隔周期与防治效果、产量增幅之间的关系。结果表明：各时期防治处理对草地贪夜蛾防效的影响程度均呈随防治时期推后而降低趋势,其中苗期防效（大于90%）优于喇叭口期,抽雄期后防效下降不到83%,施药2次后的防效均超过89%,各处理间差异不显著,施药3次后的防效均超过95%,在苗期、小喇叭口期、大喇叭口期和抽雄期4次施药后防效最高,达97.27%;玉米产量随施药次数增加而显著上升,施药4次、施药3次和苗期+喇叭口期施药2次处理的玉米产量最高（均超过10 t/hm²）,这3种处理的玉米产量分别为10.96、10.59、10.14 t/hm²,显著高于其他施药2次和施药1次的处理;苗期施药（7.29 t/hm²）、小喇叭口期（8.04 t/hm²）、大喇叭口期（7.56 t/hm²）及小喇叭口期+抽雄期（9.08 t/hm²）的产量差异不显著,均高于抽雄期（5.85 t/hm²）的产量,表明抽雄期后施药增产效果不明显,所有施药处理产量均显著高于对照（4.29 t/hm²）;施药次数、间隔周期与玉米产量增幅之间呈二次函数关系,间隔15~20 d施药玉米产量增加幅度最大,施药次数在2~4次产量增幅最高,均出现产量增幅超过60%的处理,产量增幅最高达63.43%（施药3次）,施药次数在3~4次产量增幅并不明显。海南甜玉米种植区草地贪夜蛾化学防治,建议选择苗期、小喇叭口期、大喇叭口期施药2~3次能达到高产高效的目标。     

氮肥后移对玉米冠层内物质分配及氮素利用的影响

研究不同施氮量、不同施肥时期对玉米产量与氮素利用的影响,对玉米干物质生产、氮素积累与分配进行分析。结果表明,施氮量为180 kg/hm2时,产量表现为基施处理最高,较拔节期、大喇叭口期施肥处理分别提高1.17%、7.69%;施氮量为75 kg/hm2时,拔节期施肥处理产量最高,较基施、大喇叭口期施肥处理分别提高10.31%、4.61%。大喇叭口期施肥处理的干物质积累与氮素积累量少,氮肥利用效率低,说明氮肥后移需考虑植株前期对氮素的需要。拔节期施肥处理产量与基施处理产量和氮素积累量相当或提高,植株干物质积累增加,冠层内茎叶干物质比例协调,生育后期穗下层茎叶干物重下降缓慢,氮素利用效率高。施氮量为75 kg/hm2,氮肥适当后移可提高氮肥利用率。     

不同施磷方式对吉林省西部超高产玉米磷素吸收积累的影响

采用田间试验的方法,研究磷肥施用量相同的条件下,磷肥不同施用时期及分配比例对吉林省西部超高产玉米产量及磷素吸收积累的影响。结果表明,不同施磷方式对玉米产量和磷素吸收积累量有一定影响。施磷量一定的条件下,在玉米生育后期追施磷肥可有效提高产量,其中拔节期和喇叭口期均追肥处理产量达到13 706 kg/hm2,较一次性基施处理高0.82%;不同生育期各器官磷素积累量也相对较高,收获时期植株磷素吸收积累量为126.4 kg/hm2,高于其他各处理。从成熟期玉米植株磷素含量分配比例来看,拔节期和喇叭口期均追肥处理收获时期子粒中磷素含量占植株总磷素含量的68.99%,其他处理均超过70%;除子粒外其余各器官磷素含量所占比例均较高。本试验条件下,在玉米生育后期追施磷肥的施磷方式可有效提高玉米产量,但相对于磷肥一次性基施的方式差异不显著。     

Plant Power2003对玉米生长和产量的影响试验简报

ＰｌａｎｔＰｏｗｅｒ２００３不同喷施方法对玉米植株生长发育，根系生长及产量的影响结果表明，ＰｌａｎｔＰｏｗｅｒ２００３能加快玉米生长，促进根系发育，延长叶片功能期，增加单株绿色叶面积；增加穗行数和单株产量，并且以苗期，大喇叭口期各喷一次效果最好，单产较对照增产１３．７％。     

喷施“玉黄金”对夏玉米抗倒伏性能和产量的影响

以在黄淮海区域广泛种植的郑单958为供试材料,研究喷施“玉黄金”对玉米抗倒伏性能及穗位叶光合能力的影响。研究结果表明,喷施“玉黄金”在75 000株/hm2种植密度下玉米子粒产量平均增加了11.34%,产量的提高得益于“玉黄金”处理后玉米的可收获穗数与千粒重显著增加。此外,“玉黄金”能够降低玉米株高、穗位高与重心高度,并提高玉米基部节间的茎秆质量,玉米的田间倒伏率从10.31%降低至3.36%。“玉黄金”能够通过提高玉米穗位叶的光照环境提高其相对叶绿素含量与净光合速率,进而保证玉米产量的形成。化控处理能够通过提高玉米的抗倒伏性能与穗位叶光合能力提高夏玉米产量。     

化控剂对不同密度青贮玉米生长和产量的影响

以饲草2号为试验材料,设6.0万、6.75万、7.5万株/hm2共3个种植密度,于拔节期分别喷施多效唑、饱玉、矮跺垛3种化控剂,探究化控剂在不同种植密度下对青贮玉米生长和产量的影响。结果表明,与清水处理相比,3种化控剂均显著增加各时期叶片SPAD值。多效唑喷施明显增加株高、穗位高和叶面积系数,饱玉、矮跺垛喷施则使其降低。鲜物质产量和干物质产量在多效唑处理下较对照显著增加了2.2%和3.1%,饱玉、矮跺垛喷施后则显著减少了3.7%和3.8%、6.0%和5.7%。在7.5万株/hm2种植密度下多效唑处理获得青贮玉米最高鲜物质产量和干物质产量,分别达82 877 kg/hm2和26 189 kg/hm2。     

前期干旱胁迫对春玉米产量和品质的影响

以玉米品种嫩单13为供试材料,在拔节期、大喇叭口期、拔节期＋大喇叭口期3个时期进行了干旱胁迫试验,分析前期干旱对生育后期的绿叶面积、植株干物重以及子粒产量和品质的影响。试验表明,前期干旱胁迫使绿叶面积、干物重和子粒产量都不同程度的减小。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

云南省"双高"甘蔗生产与发展

从自然生产条件、龙头企业状况和产业经济效益3方面论述了云南省“双高”甘蔗发展的优势条件.分析了现阶段“双高”甘蔗发展中存在的主要问题,即甘蔗产业科技落后、蔗园建设投入不足、加工企业规模较小,产品单一.从“双高”甘蔗优势产业带建设,甘蔗种子工程体系,“双高”甘蔗科技、甘蔗产业化经营发展与科技培训等方面提出了“双高”甘蔗发展的建议和措施.     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。