玉米基础群体改良系稳定性与丰产性研究

以Reid、No-Reid和DOM群为基础的25个改良系作为母本,以PH4CV和PH6WC作为父本,按NCⅠ设计组配25个组合,在沈阳、昌图和梨树3个生态条件下研究组合单株产量的配合力、稳产性和丰产性。配合力分析结果表明,杂交组合中,10个组合的特殊配合力(SCA)效应值为正值,组合PH4CV×PHGJ4改系5的SCA效应值最高。丰产性分析结果表明,组合PH4CV×PHGJ4改系5在3个地点的平均单株产量最高,组合PH6WC×PHB1M改系2在沈阳的单株产量最高,组合PH4CV×PHGJ4改系1在梨树的单株产量最高,组合PH4CV×PHGJ4改系5在昌图的单株产量最高。稳产性分析结果表明,组合PH6WC×黄改系5的变异系数最低,单株产量中等。综合分析表明,Reid和No-Reid群改良系单株产量的稳定性和丰产性高;DOM群改良系单株产量稳定,需要提高丰产性。     

美国印第安纳州玉米种质资源的利用研究

根据不同特点选取铁97005、铁98012、铁98033、铁98042、铁98103、铁98127等共6份自交系作为试验材料,分别以分属不同杂种优势群的自交系吉853、丹340、Mo17和沈137作为标准测验种,按Griffing完全双列杂交法Ⅳ组配出45个杂交组合,通过对杂交组合间的杂种优势和配合力的分析与比较。结果表明,利用美国印第安纳州种质资源选育的二环系与旅大红骨类群自交系、唐四平头类群自交系、PN类群自交系在单株产量性状上均具有较大的配合力,其中自交系铁98012、铁98033、铁98103的利用价值较高。     

玉米Non-Reid群产量因素遗传改良效果及杂种优势和配合力分析

以No-Reid优良自交系PH4CV、PHB1M为基础材料,采用DH技术和常规技术方法,经过两轮改良,育成4个改良系,以4个改良系及PH4CV、PHB1M为父本,5个Reid优良自交系为母本,作5×6不完全双列杂交,设置3个密度梯度,研究单株产量的遗传增益、杂种优势及配合力。结果表明,第二轮改良系J1881,在3个密度下单株产量遗传增益高于原基础系和第一轮改良自交系;第一轮改良系J9D207、J1577遗传增益高于原始基础系。3种密度梯度下,4个改良系与Reid自交系单株产量杂种优势普遍存在,杂种优势最高的组合为J1590×J9D207、J1590×J1881。3个密度下,第二轮改良系J1881均有较高一般配合力,稳产性较好。     

美国玉米种质对北方Reid群改良效果研究

采用NCII设计,在60 000株/hm2密度下,对5个美国Reid群的遗传改良系与塘四平头群的自交系配制的25个玉米杂交组合穗部性状配合力进行了研究,评价了5个美国Reid改良系的改良效果和利用潜力。结果表明:J1129和J1110的单株产量一般配合力高,组配出3个高产组合,增产潜力大;J1018和J1150单株产量的一般配合力较低,各组配出1个高产组合。表明改良系×塘四平头的组配模式与PA×塘四平头群的杂种优势模式相符,在高产密植型杂交种选育中具有较大应用潜力。     

不同密度下欧洲玉米种质BRC选系的应用潜力分析

以5个优良的欧洲玉米种质BRC自交系为母本、5个不同来源的优良自交系为父本,采用NCⅡ设计,组配25个杂交组合,在3种密度下对欧洲玉米种质BRC选系的杂种优势表现和配合力进行研究。结果表明,不同密度下,F_1代单株产量杂种优势普遍存在,变化趋势是随密度增加而降低。自交系BRC-1在60 000株/hm~2密度下有较高的GCA效应;自交系BRC-5在3个密度条件下均有较高的GCA效应,且随着密度的增加,GCA效应增加。同一组合在不同密度下SCA效应存在较大差异,SCA效应增减与密度增减的变化方向不一致。在3种密度下,总配合力较高的组合分别为BRC-5×D37、BRC-5×S121和BRC-5×HG162,在不同密度下单株产量的总配合力效应与杂种优势极显著正相关。综合分析认为,自交系BRC-5和BRC-1在实际育种中有较大的利用价值,用自交系BRC-5容易组配出高产耐密组合。欧洲种质×塘四平头和欧洲种质×旅大红骨+塘四平头的杂优模式在高产耐密杂交种选育中有很大的应用潜力。     

玉米自交系YJ7不同密度下配合力效应及杂种优势分析

YJ7是江苏沿江地区农科所选育的优良玉米自交系,利用该自交系已育成一批优良组合。采用NCⅡ设计组配45个杂交组合,研究不同密度下(6.0万、7.5万、9.0万株/hm2)YJ7产量性状的配合力效应及杂种优势。结果表明,除穗粗、穗行数外,YJ7在高密度条件下产量性状一般配合力水平均较高,且随密度的增加而增加;YJ7×Mol17、YJ7×478杂478、YJ7×丹340这3个杂交组合在高密度条件下具有较高的特殊配合力、总体配合力,其杂种优势明显高于其他杂交组合。     

不同环境下玉米DH系遗传分析及其杂交组合丰产性及稳产性分析

以Reid类群骨干自交系PH6WC、PH09B为基础育成的4份DH系与PH6WC共5份自交系为母本,以Non-Reid、DOM群为基础育成6个DH系为父本,按NCⅡ设计组配30个组合,在长春、松原、响水3个生态区种植,评价新育成的DH系丰产性及稳产性,评选出最优组合。结果表明,3个环境下30个杂交组合产量均存在明显平均优势。组合J1590×J1881、J1590×J1577、J3D130×J1577,3种环境下产量对照优势均优于对照先玉335,均值分别为5.58%、5.28%、3.52%。父本DH系J1577、母本DH系J1590一般配合力高。分析30个组合3个地点的特殊配合力,结果显示,有14个组合SCA效应值为正值,组合J1590×J1881的SCA效应值最高,为13.18。丰产性分析表明,组合J1590×J2239、J1590×J1881高产稳产。综合分析,组合J1590×J1881丰产性、稳产性最好。     

欧洲玉米种质BRC选系主要农艺性状的配合力及杂种优势分析

采用NCⅡ遗传交配设计,以分属于5个杂种优势群的自交系昌7-2、DH34、Mo17、郑58和丹988为测验种,与5个欧洲玉米种质BRC选系组配25个杂交组合,分析5个欧洲玉米种质BRC选系的主要农艺性状的配合力及杂种优势。结果表明,自交系BRC-1和BRC-5单株产量及相关性状一般配合力表现较好,在玉米育种中有较大的利用潜力;组合BRC-5×Mo17、BRC-6×DH34和BRC-1×丹988是产量及相关性状特殊配合力综合表现优良的组合;BRC-5×DH34、BRC-1×DH34、BRC-1×丹988、BRC-6×DH34和BRC-1×昌7-2是单株产量总配合力和杂种优势表现突出的组合。BRC种质选系或BRC改良自交系可与旅大红骨、塘四平头、PN78599类群的玉米自交系杂交组配出强优势玉米杂交种。     

外来玉米群体选系的配合力及杂种优势研究

为了认知外来玉米群体PF6J155选系的配合力差异以及配合力与杂种优势的关系,以12个外来玉米群体选系为母本、5个分属于不同杂优类群的代表系为父本,按照NCⅡ设计配成60个杂交组合,在辽宁省4个不同生态区裂区试验,分析自交系的一般配合力以及60个杂交种主要性状的特殊配合力和杂种优势。结果表明,外来玉米群体PF6J155选系之间的一般配合力(GCA)效应差别明显,单株产量GCA效应值高的自交系为ZL2116、ZL2436、ZL8344,其部分产量构成因子(穗长、行粒数、百粒重和出籽率)的GCA效应也较高,是表现比较理想的自交系;不同组合单株产量的特殊配合力(SCA)效应也不同,ZL8344×昌7-2在单株产量SCA和对照杂种优势方面都表现出较好的水平,可对其生产应用价值进一步试验鉴定。聚类分析结果表明,外来玉米群体PF6J155偏属于Reid种质,与塘四平头、旅大红骨和Lancaster具有较好的杂种优势,可形成一定的杂优模式。     

玉米自交系郑58×PH6WC二环选系的配合力研究

以郑58×PH6WC为基础试材选育的二环系M5861、M5862、M5864、M5866和M5867作被测系,与不同杂种优势群的PH4CV、丹3140、昌7-2和京92共4个测验系进行NCⅡ杂交,分析主要农艺性状和产量配合力效应。结果表明,被测系M5861和M5866不同性状的一般配合力效应值较高;M5861×PH4CV、M5864×丹3140、M5866×PH4CV和M5866×丹3140这4个组合的特殊配合力效应值较高;M5861×PH4CV、M5861×丹3140和M5866×PH4CV总的配合力效应较高,与实际表现基本一致,总配合力效应更能准确地反应杂交种各性状的综合表现。一定程度上反应出郑58×PH6WC二环系与先锋父本类自交系组配效果较好。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

---

Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

---

Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.