行向及插秧方式对水稻产量的影响

以空育131为试材进行不同行向及育苗插秧方式对水稻产量影响的试验。结果表明:行向对水稻品种的产量影响不显著,但东西行向种植较南北行向种植群体受光好且能显著地增加一次枝梗实粒数,提高结实率。并且,钵育摆栽是通过增加穗数、穗粒数、结实率3个因素来提高产量的,实践证明,钵育摆栽与普通育苗插秧方式比能极显著提高水稻产量,增产幅度达到20%。     

寒地水稻降解秧盘育插秧技术特点与效果

为了明确可降解秧盘育插秧技术在北方寒地水稻生产中利用的特点及其对水稻产量的影响,黑龙江浓江农场在2016年和2017年以龙粳46和龙粳52为材料,利用可降解钵毯秧盘进行育插秧试验,并以塑料钵毯秧盘育插秧为对照。结果表明,与塑料秧盘育插秧相比,用可降解秧盘育秧可以提高机插秧苗素质,改善机插效果,水稻增产1.7%~3.5%。该技术具有育插秧方便、省工节本、绿色环保、增产增效等特点,适于在黑龙江垦区大面积推广。     

不同密度钵苗机插对水稻产量及其群体形成影响

以常农粳8号为材料,研究了不同密度钵苗机插对水稻产量及产量构成因素的影响。结果表明,适宜的株距12cm、14 cm处理不仅能保证适宜的穗数,而且每穗总粒数显著增加,从而获得高产;过大的株距18 cm处理则总有效穗数减少,虽每穴穗数增加,但穗型变小,从而产量下降。     

淮北地区全降解育秧钵盘与平盘机插稻栽培比较

通过比较2种育秧盘机插稻生产力,为大面积水稻机械化及轻简化栽培提供最优农机农艺融合方案。结果显示:降解育秧钵盘处理秧苗在水稻茎基宽、单株分蘖数、百株地上部鲜质量均优于普通平盘育秧。同时,降解钵盘采用上毯下钵设计,调节插秧机取秧量可实现按钵精确机插,对秧苗根系植伤较轻,移栽后较普通平盘活棵快,分蘖发生早,在更短的时间内达到了预期穗数,穗粒结构较对照更为适宜,穗粒数均匀、变异系数小。收获期2个处理产量水平达到显著差异(P<0.05)。降解钵盘处理在一定程度上提高了糙米率、整精米率,降低了垩白率,效益较对照增加70.04元/667 m₂。     

寒地水稻钵体育苗摆秧栽培技术

水稻钵体育苗摆秧栽培技术 ,是目前寒地水稻栽培中较为先进的优质高产栽培技术。该项技术具有利于培育壮苗 ,起秧无植伤 ,移栽后返青快 ,分蘖早、分蘖成穗率高 ,提高结实率 ,促早熟 ,提高成熟度 ,产量高 ,品质好等特点。一、培育壮苗１ .品种选择选用适于当地自然、生产条件的具有分蘖力强、秆壮抗倒、抗病、质佳、高产品种。每ｈｍ２ 用种２０ｋｇ。２．育秧盘选择选用以ＰＶＣ材料制成的、每盘有５６１个钵孔的育秧盘。每ｈｍ２需要秧盘３５０～４００张。３．秧田准备选择背风向阳、地下水位低、排水良好、水源方便的旱田地或园田地作秧…     

水稻钵体机插栽培技术应用试验报告

钵体育苗机插技术是把单钵体苗通过独特的育秧盘结构设计,使育出的钵体苗连在一起,实现钵苗机插,寻求育秧、栽插、管理相配套的更高栽培体系。试验结果表明,处理的株高、平方米穗数、结实率等都高于常规对照,增长幅度达到5.3%,增加效益170.1元/667 m2,实现了省工、节本、增效的目标,进一步提高了水稻机插栽培水平。     

稻草机插秧盘育秧对水稻秧苗生长及产量形成的影响

针对传统塑料秧盘育秧成本高、秧盘储存空间大等问题,设计研发了新型环保的稻草机插秧盘,并对稻草秧盘所育秧苗的素质、产量及机插后秧盘降解速度进行了比较研究。结果表明,稻草秧盘培育的秧苗生长健壮,根系能透过秧盘底部,且成毯性较好,搬运过程不断裂,可代替传统塑料秧盘育秧机插;在相同播种量下,稻草秧盘所育的秧苗素质不如钵形毯状秧盘和塑料平盘,表现为株高下降,叶龄减少,地上部质量、根质量和根冠比等相对较低,表明稻草秧盘中加入的增强剂、防水剂等化学原料不利于秧苗生长;育秧20 d,稻草秧盘质量从153.0 g下降至107.4 g,降解比例达到29.8%,降解速度为1.40 mg(/d.cm2);稻草秧盘机插大田后25 d内基本降解完全,稻草秧盘平均降解速度为2.64 mg(/d.cm2),降解速度呈现先增后减趋势;稻草秧盘机插水稻的产量与普通塑料秧盘育秧相比差异不显著,但低于钵形毯状秧苗机插,主要表现为每穗总粒数和千粒重较低。     

安徽沿江地区“籼改粳”机插栽培高产技术初探

以常规迟熟中粳品种南粳9108为材料,在钵育摆栽条件下,设置每丛2苗、3苗、4苗3个处理,研究不同丛基本苗数对钵苗摆栽常规粳稻群体质量及产量的影响,以完善安徽沿江地区"籼改粳"后机插栽培技术。试验结果表明,钵育摆栽栽后缓苗期短,新分蘖增加快,够苗及到达高峰苗期时间短;每丛3~4苗时群体结构合理,中后期群体LAI及物质积累能力较高,群体成穗多,进而促进产量的提高。     

辽宁省水稻新品种产量及产量结构与环境效应的方差分析

以辽宁省2004～2005年中晚熟水稻区试参试品种为试材,分析了水稻品种在不同试点的产量和产量结构的差异,方差分析表明:水稻品种产量的变化主要受环境效应影响,年份×地点互作效应是影响产量的主要随机因素。每穴穗数、每穗总粒数、成粒率、千粒重都与产量有显著线性效应,每穴穗数和每穗总粒数对产量的直接作用较大,每穗总粒数通过每穴穗数对产量表现为显著负向作用。     

简塑盘钵体育秧技术

我省应用较广的钵盘长度60．3cm，宽32．6cm，有561个钵孔。钵孔上部直径18.5mm，下部直径11mm，深16mm。每钵孔装土3g左右，钵盘底部开有直径3mm的孔。秧苗的一部分根可穿过底孔扎入置床，也起调节钵盘水份的作用。1秧盘数量的确定每公顷本田所需要的秧盘数由插秧密度而定，其计算公式是：秧盘数／公顷＝穴数／m2×10000÷561。目前我省钵体秧苗人工摆插栽培规格以30×20cm为主，每m2穴数为16.7穴，可准备300个育秧盘，30×23．3cm规格则准备225盘。2配制营养上床上采集园田表土（0－15cm）或旱田土，过3－5mm孔筛为宜，以增强保水能力。每…     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.