糯小麦种质资源宁W0065的评价与利用

为了解引进的糯小麦新品系宁W0065的利用价值,对其农艺性状、抗病性和支链淀粉含量进行了分析鉴定。研究结果表明,宁W0065具有株高偏高、穗长偏短、千粒重偏轻、生育期偏晚及易感白粉病等缺点,不能在四川生产上直接利用。不过,宁W0065具有分蘖力强、成穗率高及纯糯的特点,可作为优异种质资源加以利用。     

20个安农糯小麦品系的主要农艺性状和品质分析

为给糯小麦品种选育及其品质改良提供参考依据,以扬麦158为对照,测定了20个糯小麦品系的主要农艺性状、蛋白质等籽粒品质性状和淀粉糊化特性。结果表明,19个近几年育成的糯小麦品系的株高等主要农艺性状均较早期育成的品系安农糯1有所改良,ANW1032、ANW10600、ANW10601、ANW10606、ANW610、ANW10612等6个品系的农艺性状和产量已达到对照品种水平。供试糯小麦品系的直链淀粉含量为0.14%～6.95%,蛋白质含量、总淀粉含量和湿面筋含量相对较高,沉降值较低,硬度上均表现为软质小麦。糯小麦品系的峰值时间比对照品种低2.3min以上;20个糯小麦品系中,有5个品系的高峰黏度显著高于对照品种;所有供试糯小麦品系的最后黏度和反弹值均显著低于对照品种;除安农糯1外的19个糯性系的低谷黏度均显著低于对照品种;糯小麦品系具有高稀懈值;糊化温度在糯性系间及其与对照品种间变化不大。综合分析表明,ANW1032、ANW10600、ANW10601、ANW10606、ANW610、ANW10612等6个品系的农艺性状和品质性状表现较好。     

滚动回交结合碘染色培育糯小麦新品种（系）的研究

为研究滚动回交结合花粉和胚乳碘染培育糯小麦品种的效果,给糯小麦的选育提供材料,以Caiwx作为wx基因的供体亲本,以扬麦9号、扬麦15、扬麦17等品种为轮回亲本,培育出6个糯小麦品系（扬糯615、扬糯09、扬糯6733、扬糯465、扬糯06、扬糯05G68）,并测定了它们的农艺性状、抗病性及粉质仪参数。结果表明,育成品系克服了供体亲本Caiwx株高过高、穗小、抽穗迟、成熟迟、熟相差等缺陷,同时保留了轮回亲本众多优良的数量性状,白粉病和赤霉病抗病性得到提高,每穗粒数、千粒重和产量提高。扬糯09、扬糯6733、扬糯465、 扬糯06和扬糯05G68品系的产量分别比对照品种扬麦11增产11.75%、1.99%、1.99%、0.6%、2.19%。其中扬糯05G68已进入江苏省区域试验和生产试验。糯小麦面粉吸水率明显提高,形成时间和断裂时间延长。研究结果证明,利用滚动回交结合碘染色鉴定方法培育产量、抗性、适应性达到大面积应用水平的糯小麦新品种是可行的。     

缺失不同Wx蛋白对普通小麦直链淀粉含量及淀粉特性的影响

为了明确普通小麦缺失不同W x蛋白对直链淀粉含量的影响以及部分糯小麦品系的淀粉特性,采用单向改良SDS-PAGE方法对1个非糯×糯杂交组合F2分离群体的196个单籽粒进行了W x蛋白筛选,测定了这批籽粒的直链淀粉含量,同时测定了1个部分糯小麦品系(缺失W x-B 1和W x-D 1)和2个正常型小麦品系粗面粉的直链淀粉含量、膨胀势和RVA粘度。结果表明,缺失1对W x蛋白的直链淀粉含量比正常型降低3.29~7.15个百分点,缺失2对W x蛋白的比正常型降低9.45~13.82个百分点,缺失3对W x蛋白的直链淀粉含量几乎为0;缺失W x-B 1和W x-D 1的部分糯小麦品系粗面粉的直链淀粉含量比正常型降低5.62~7.49个百分点,膨胀势则增加4.51~4.72,RVA高峰粘度显著高于正常型。     

糯小麦灌浆期籽粒糖类、淀粉及蛋白质的动态研究

为了解糯小麦籽粒中糖类、淀粉和蛋白质在灌浆过程中的变化规律,明确灌浆过程中糯小麦籽粒糖类、淀粉、蛋白质含量变化与普通小麦之间的差异,在大田条件下,以糯麦12,糯麦1572两个糯小麦新品系为材料,以川育12、川育20、川麦42三个普通小麦品种为对照,研究了灌浆期间糯小麦籽粒中可溶性总糖、蔗糖、戊聚糖、果聚糖、淀粉、蛋白质含量及淀粉积累速率的动态变化.结果表明,在花后17～22 d,糯小麦淀粉的积累速率最高,蛋白质含量也达到最大,戊聚糖的含量是在花后22～27 d时达到峰值,果聚糖含量在花后7～12 d时最高.在灌浆过程中,糯小麦可溶性总糖、蔗糖、果聚糖、淀粉动态变化与普通小麦存在一定差异,但在蛋白质动态变化上则没有明显的差异.与普通小麦相比,糯小麦成熟籽粒总糖含量高,糯麦12的蔗糖含量显著高于普通小麦,两个糯小麦品系的戊聚糖含量均显著高于普通小麦川育12和川育20,糯麦1572的总淀粉含量显著低于三个普通小麦品种.在蛋白质和果聚糖含量上,糯小麦与普通小麦无显著差异.以上结果说明,可利用糯小麦籽粒各成分灌浆过程中与普通小麦存在差异这一特点,优化栽培措施,达到改善糯小麦品质的目的.     

中国糯小麦品种的主要农艺性状和品质性状分析

为明确中国生产上糯小麦品种的主要性状及其演化规律,以2005-2022年已经审定的44个糯小麦品种为材料,对其主要农艺性状和品质性状进行了分析评价。结果表明：(1)春性品种和冬性品种的生育期变异系数分别为19.75%和4.03%,其余四个被测性状变异系数从大到小依次为产量、穗粒数、千粒重、株高,产量的变异系数均大于20%。(2)春性品种和冬性品种4个品质性状的变异系数均表现为湿面筋含量>粗蛋白含量>容重>支链淀粉含量,除紫糯麦1号外,其余糯小麦品种的支链淀粉含量均≥97%。(3)通过聚类分析,将44个糯小麦品种分为3大类,Ⅰ类包含28个品种,占总数的64%,产量和品质中等;Ⅱ类包含11个品种,占总数的25%,具有较高产量和品质;Ⅲ类含5个品种,占总数的11%,产量和品质偏低。     

不同糯小麦品种(系)品质及其烘烤制品研究

为推动糯小麦的品质改良及开发利用,以国内不同育种单位育成的多个糯小麦为试验材料,以普通强筋、中筋及弱筋小麦作为对照,分析其淀粉组分、糊化特性、面团流变学特性,并对其制作的酥条进行比较。结果表明,糯小麦的淀粉含量及直链淀粉含量显著低于普通小麦;在淀粉糊化特性上,糯小麦的低谷黏度、最终黏度、回生值显著低于普通小麦,峰值温度高于普通小麦;在粉质仪参数上,糯小麦的吸水率显著高于普通小麦,形成时间、稳定时间及粉质质量指数均显著低于师栾02-1,糯小麦弱化度较高,显著高于师栾02-1和扬麦158;糯小麦制作的酥条体积、酥性显著高于普通小麦,硬度显著低于普通小麦,气孔大且均匀,横截面积明显大于普通小麦。不同糯小麦品种(系)间比较,扬17G76、天糯158、扬14-282及扬糯麦1号在面团流变特性和制作酥条上表现较为优异,表明通过提高糯小麦筋力有助于改善糯小麦面团流变学特性及烘烤食品品质。本研究结果可为糯小麦育种及品质改良提供理论依据。     

Wx-1基因变异和优质HMW-GS组合对中筋小麦品质的影响

高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)和Wx蛋白是两个影响小麦理化品质和制成品品质的重要因素。为研究HMW-GS和Wx基因变异对小麦理化品质、面条感官评分和质构特性的影响,以镇麦9号和扬糯麦1号为亲本的2个高代系为试验材料,研究了优质HMW-GS 5+10及Wx基因缺失对小麦理化品质及面条加工品质的效应。结果表明,品系1与品系2的湿面筋含量和SDS沉淀值与镇麦9号相近,但显著好于扬糯麦1号。相较于镇麦9号,品系1与品系2的直链淀粉含量分别降低了1.5%和2.5%,其峰值黏度和稀懈值均显著高于镇麦9号,膨胀势也高于镇麦9号。5+10亚基显著提高了面条质构参数中的硬度和咀嚼性,而Wx基因缺失显著提高了面条的软硬度评分和光滑性评分。综合来看,具有5+10亚基和 Wx-D1缺失型的品系2具有较高的SDS沉淀值、面团形成时间和稳定时间、较低的直链淀粉含量、较高的峰值黏度、稀懈值和膨胀势,蛋白质和淀粉综合品质表现较好。品系2面条总评分最高,显著高于镇麦9号和扬糯麦1号,其主要体现在适中的面条软硬度和较好的光滑性。推测Wx基因缺失和优质HMW-GS聚合可显著提高小麦淀粉品质和蛋白质品质,有效改善面条的蒸煮品质和感官评分。     

不同播期下小麦品种比较试验

[目的]从一批育成的高代材料中筛选优异小麦品系进入下一步试验。[方法]2011—2012年在扬州进行了39个小麦品系的产量、产量构成、抗性及品质比较试验,筛选出综合表现较优异的品系[结果]品系12、13、33较对照增产显著,抗白粉病,赤霉病、纹枯病较轻;不同品系穗敷间差并不显著,但不同播期的穗数存在极显著差异;千粒重与产量极显著正相关,而与穗数、每穗粒数相关性不显著[结论]品系12、13、33增产显著,抗病性较好,表现突出,品系11、14、18、19、21、31、36综合农艺性状较好,可以进一步试验、示范     

黑粒糯小麦材料的鉴定

为了给新型小麦材料黑粒糯小麦的选育提供基础材料,采用改良碘染色法和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对全糯小麦品系204-1002与黑粒小麦品系204-001、203-3204、201-2138杂交选育得到的30个黑粒糯小麦高代材料进行了籽粒颜色、Wx蛋白亚基以及淀粉颜色反应的鉴定与分析,结果发现7个黑粒小麦品系(1004、1007、1008-3、1009-3、1018-2、1018-4、1021-1)均缺失3个Wx蛋白亚基,同时鉴定出了缺失1个或2个Wx蛋白亚基的黑粒部分糯小麦品系.这表明利用全糯小麦与黑粒小麦杂交能筛选出黑粒糯小麦新材料.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Citrus Flavonoids in Fruit and Traditional Chinese Medicinal Food Ingredients in China

Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China.     

Evolutionary aspects of the trade-off between seed size and number in crops

Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.

The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).

The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Effect of a continuous hot water treatment of potato tubers on seed-borne fungal pathogens

Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive. Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk. Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d.