海南岛兰科植物区系的组成及其特征

海南岛是我国兰科植物分布最集中的地区之一,目前已发现有78属214种。其中,中国特有种31种(包括海南特有种14种),非中国特有种但在中国仅见于海南岛的有20种。种数在10种以上的属有羊耳蒜属(Liparis)、石斛属(Dendrobium)、毛兰属(Eria)、石豆兰属(Bulbophyllum)和兰属(Cymbidium)。海南岛兰科植物属的地理成分可划分为12个分布型和变型,其中热带亚洲成分占总属数的51.3%,热带分布属有71属,占绝对优势。海南岛兰科植物的生活型多样,附生兰有43属,地生兰有32属,腐生兰5属(其中羊耳蒜属和兰属中存在附生和地生2种生活型)。多个种在叶型和花色上变异较大,可作为优良育种材料。与邻近地区相比,海南岛兰科植物与西双版纳共有属最多(为56属),其次依序为台湾、广东、广西和福建。虽然海南岛与台湾和西双版纳同处热带北缘,受热带季风气候影响,但其兰科植物在属、物种和特有种的数量上比后两者要少。总的说来,海南岛的兰科植物区系较为多样,与亚洲热带兰科植物区系亲缘关系密切。     

福建兰科植物地理成分与区系特点

福建兰科植物共有61属134种(包括中国特有种29种),其中地生兰37属79种,附生兰22属50种,腐生兰4属5种,兰属和羊耳蒜属存在有地生和附生2种生活型。区系地理分析表明,本区61属兰科植物可分为11个分布区型和4个变型,其中热带亚洲(印度-马来西亚)分布型及其变型属最多,共22属,占总属数的36.0%;本区134种兰科植物则可分为11个分布区型和3个变型,其中热带亚洲(印度-马来西亚)分布型最多,共有30种,占总种数的22.4%;其次为中国特有分布型,共有27种,占总种数的20.1%。虽然属、种的区系地理成分复杂多样,但区系整体与热带亚洲区系关系密切,热带成分占绝对优势,并受到北温带植物区系影响,而与温带亚洲、地中海、西亚和中亚植物区系几乎没有联系;区系发生年代较为年轻,区系过渡带特征明显;区域分布不均,单种属、寡种属占优势,种内变异大。     

西双版纳药用兰科植物现状及应用前景

云南是兰科植物分布中心之一，约１００属５３０种，其中西双版纳约３９属４００种。具有药用价值的约１０１种。其中附生兰居多，是开发食品，药品，保健品等绿色产品的宝贵资源。因此，药用兰科植物从观赏和产品开发都有广阔的应用前景。     

海南兰科植物新记录5种

报道了5个海南兰科植物新记录种:尾萼无叶兰(Aphyllorchis cuadata Rolfe ex Downie)、中越双唇兰(Didymoplexis vietnamica Ormerod)、粗茎苹兰[Pinalia amica(H.G.Reichenbach)Kuntze]、绿叶线柱兰(Zeuxineagyokuana Fukuyama)和黄唇线柱兰(Z.sakagutii Tuyama.)。其中尾萼无叶兰和中越双唇兰为腐生兰,粗茎苹兰为附生兰,绿叶线柱兰与黄唇线柱兰为地生种类。凭证标本均保存于华东师范大学生物学系植物标本馆(HSNU)。     

海南兰科植物2新记录属8新记录种

报道了2个海南野生兰科植物新记录属,管花兰属(Corymborkis Thouars)和长足兰属(Pteroceras Hasselt ex Hasskarl);8个海南新记录种,即管花兰[C.veratrifolia(Reinwardt)Blume]、滇南长足兰[P.compressum(Blume)Holttum]、窄果脆兰[Acampe ochracea(Lindley)Hochreutiner]、单唇无叶兰(Aphyllorchis simplex T.TangF.T.Wang)、革叶石豆兰(Bulbophyllum xylophyllum C.S.P.ParishReichenbach f.)、全唇盂兰(Lecanorchis nigricans Honda)、短耳鸢尾兰(Oberonia falconeri J.D.Hooker)和芳香线柱兰[Zeuxine nervosa(Wallich ex Lindley)Trimen]。     

兰科植物在福州市于山兰花圃中应用

以兰科植物形态分类学为理论基础,从兰科植物的种类、栽培应用形式、兰文化在专类园中的应用等方面,对福州市于山兰圃进行调查,记录兰科植物种类及栽培应用形式等,并拍照记录。调查结果表明福州市于山兰圃中,用于造景的兰科植物共有28属87种,利用地栽、盆栽、附植三种栽培形式与其他园林要素组合搭配,并将兰文化赋予具体的景致之中,从而升华为意境美。旨在为扩大兰科植物在园林造景中的应用和兰科植物专类园的建设提供参考。     

海南兰科植物2新记录属7新记录种

报道了2个海南野生兰科植物新记录属,钻柱兰属(Pelatantheria Ridley)和叉喙兰属(Uncifera Lindley);7个海南新记录种,即,钻柱兰[P.rivesii(Guillaumin)TangF.T.Wang]、中泰叉喙兰(U.thailandica SeidenfadenSmitinand)、窄苞石豆兰(Bulbophyllum rufinum H.G.Reichenbach)、矩叶翻唇兰(Hetaeria oblongifolia Blume)、竹茎兰(Tropidia nipponica Masamune)、扁根带叶兰(Taeniophyllum complanatum Fukuyama)和全唇线柱兰(Zeuxine integrilabella C.S.Leou)。其中,后2种及矩叶翻唇兰为中国大陆新记录。     

文心兰组培苗与野生兰科植物内生真菌共培养的生长效应研究

将从野生华石斛、铁皮石斛、美花石斛及五唇兰根系中分离出的28种有益内生真菌,接种于文心兰组培瓶苗上进行共生培养,测定共生培养4个月后瓶苗的生长效果,以及瓶苗移出盆栽3个月后的生长变化规律。结果表明:(1)在组培瓶苗上筛选出8株对文心兰具有促生作用的内生真菌,其中1株属华石斛内生真菌,1株属铁皮石斛,3株属美花石斛,3株属五唇兰;(2)接种了促生真菌的瓶苗移出盆栽后也同样表现出促生效果。表明兰科促生真菌不存在严格的专一性,但对兰科不同种类的促生效应存在一定的差异。     

黎族传统饮料植物初步调查

通过实地调查、人物访谈等方式，发现黎族村民在庭院内栽培着种类丰富的药饮两用植物，并掌握着丰富的饮料植物知识，制作出的植物饮料大多具有医疗保健功效，尤其在防治消化系统疾病、治疗腰酸背痛及消炎去热等方面效果明显。野外实地调查发现兰科和蕨类植物作为黎族饮料植物应用较为普遍，多数种类全株都可使用。     

广东省特有兰科植物观赏性状综合评价

以16种广东省特有兰科植物为研究对象,在文献资料查阅和野外调查的基础上,采用层次分析法（AHP）,从观花性状、观叶性状和观株性状3个方面选择了12个评价指标对其观赏价值进行综合评价,以期筛选出适用于园林园艺花卉的兰科种类。结果表明：在各约束层相对于目标层的权重值中,花径所占的权重最大;根据综合评分结果将16种广东省特有兰科植物划分为3个等级：Ⅰ级（2.8~3.0）,观赏价值高的种类,共计3种;Ⅱ级（2.5~2.8）,观赏价值中等的种类,共计8种;Ⅲ级（2.5以下）,观赏价值低的种类,共计5种。其中,深圳香荚兰、紫金舌唇兰和蕉岭石斛具有优良的生物学特性和极高的观赏价值,为优良的野生花卉,建议引种推广。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.