甜菜褐斑病及种质资源抗性研究进展

甜菜褐斑病是由甜菜尾孢菌引起的一种世界性病害,该病主要的防治手段为药物防治、生物防治和抗病育种,其中抗病育种最为有效安全。为了使人们清晰地了解甜菜褐斑病的发病机理和甜菜对褐斑病抗性研究动向。本文综述了甜菜褐斑病菌的分类及其形态特征;褐斑病的发生、防治及致病机理;尾孢菌的抗药性;甜菜对褐斑病的抗性;甜菜抗褐斑病的遗传研究(基因的加性效应和克隆及QTL定位),并对其未来研究做出展望,以期为甜菜褐斑病的抗性研究和防治提供理论参考。     

甜菜褐斑病的抗药性及防治方法

我国甜菜以药物防治褐斑病为主的科学试验中,根据材料分析,大体经历三个阶段:建国到文革前中国农科院甜菜研究所等单位对我国北方地区褐斑病的流行规律及药剂防治问题,进行了深入广泛的研究,并报导了研究成果(其中包括鉴定日本所产的三苯基醋酸锡是防治甜菜褐斑病的良好农药品种)。1972～1978年中国农科院甜菜研究所、江苏省甜菜协作组等单位相继在我国中部省区和北方地区进行使用苯骈咪唑类药剂防治甜菜褐斑病试验和生产示范。1975～1980年中国农科院甜菜研究所、轻工部甜菜糖业研究所、江苏省国营东辛农场等单位进行了筛选接替多菌灵农药品种的试验。本文重点报导东辛农场有关甜菜褐斑病抗药性及防治方法的研究情况。     

5种杀菌剂对甜菜褐斑病的防治效果

为了筛选防治甜菜褐斑病的高效杀菌剂,2012年在海伦地区采用大区对比试验进行了甜菜褐斑病田间防治研究.结果表明,5种杀菌剂对甜菜褐斑病均有不同程度的防效,其中,苯醚甲环唑和吡唑醚菌酯对甜菜褐斑病防治效果最好,达70％以上,并且可显著增加产量,吡唑醚菌酯较对照区增产23.6％,苯醚甲环唑较对照增产11.8％.两种杀菌剂对块根含糖率影响不大,可提高含糖率约1度.这两种杀菌剂在甜菜生育期只需喷施2次,7月中下旬田间发病初期进行第一次喷药,间隔约10天进行第二次喷药.田间未发现药害现象,甜菜叶片生长旺盛.表明苯醚甲环唑和吡唑醚菌酯为当地防治甜菜褐斑病的高效杀菌剂.     

老甜菜产区主要病害的防治

吉林省西部地区是种植甜菜老区,甜菜的褐斑病与根腐病发生严重.如前郭县八郎乡1989和1990两年,有些农户由于甜菜发生这两大病害而绝收.甜菜褐斑病一般可减产10％～40％,含糖降低1％～2％;极腐病可减产25％～45％.目前,对甜菜褐斑病和根腐病已有多种防治药物,但有些防治效果不佳.如果用甲基托布津、甲霜灵防治甜菜褐斑病;用土菌消、敌克松灌根防治根腐病,防治效果较理想,可达70％～80％.药剂的施用主要应掌握3点:1.适期:田间发现有10％的植株感染褐斑病时,就应     

甜菜褐斑病药剂防治试验简报

甜菜褐斑病药剂防治试验简报李晓巍，张国栋，张绪富，李绪学，除春林，金兆瑞（黑龙江省阿城糖厂）甜菜褐斑病是甜菜的主要病害，对甜菜的根产量和质量影响较大，为探讨三苯基醋酸锡等５种杀菌剂对甜菜褐斑病的防治效果，我们于１９９３年在阿城市黑龙江省原种场进行了两...     

菌杀净等防治甜菜褐斑病效果分析

菌杀净等防治甜菜褐斑病效果分析张凤君，单洪文（哈尔滨糖厂绥化甜菜管理站）褐斑病是黑龙江省绥化市甜菜产区主要病害之一，每年都有所发生，不同程度地影响了甜菜的产质量。为了更有效地防治该病害，确保产区甜菜的丰产、高糖，１９９５年我们在绥化市西长发乡进行了菌...     

三苯基醋酸锡防治甜菜褐斑病试验简报

三苯基醋酸锡防治甜菜褐斑病试验简报李秀芝（辽宁省建平县农业技术推广中心）甜菜褐斑病是甜菜的主要病害，严重影响甜菜根产量与含糖。几年来，由于单一用药和多次施药防治，使甜菜褐斑病菌的抗药性增强，常用的多菌灵、甲基托布津等杀菌剂已不能控制其危害。为解决甜菜...     

三苯基醋酸锡防治甜菜褐斑病试验简报

褐斑病是甜菜生育期的主要病害，直接危害甜菜叶片，使甜菜叶片的光合作用减弱，从而影响碳水化合物的积累和转化，使甜菜块根产量和含糖率下降、品质变劣。１９７９年五九七农场引进双鸭山市精细化工厂生产的含量为２０％三苯基醋酸锡可湿性粉剂，进行对甜菜褐斑病防治的...     

万多福防治甜菜褐斑病试验初报

万多福防治甜菜褐斑病试验初报刘建华，咸洪泉，韩英，刘杰贤，张金艳（中国农业科学院甜菜研究所）（黑龙江宝泉岭糖厂）甜菜褐斑病（Ｃｅｒｃｏｓｐｏｒａｂｅｌｉｃｏｌａ）为我国甜菜主产区普遍发生、危害严重的一种主要病害，对甜菜产、质量的影响很大，是造成甜菜低...     

OpusTop防治甜菜褐斑病效果分析

OpusTop是一种高效、广谱型杀菌剂，田间试验结果表明：OpusTop乳油每次用量800mL/hm^2，稀释1000倍使用，喷施2次，可以有效防治甜菜褐斑病，与对照相比，褐斑病发病程度降低1.0级，根产量，含糖率，产糖量分别提高了25.59%,1.62度，40.0%。对于易感褐斑病的甜菜品种，其作用效果更好。     

杜邦福星防治甜菜褐斑病田间药效试验

通过田间药效试验,研究了杜邦福星(40%氟硅唑EC)对甜菜褐斑病的防治效果。田间试验结果表明:杜邦福星3种剂量(30 mL/hm2;60 mL/hm2;90 mL/hm2)对甜菜褐斑病都有明显的防治效果且优于对照药剂禾本卡克(20%三苯基醋酸锡WP)和12.5%烯唑醇WP,3种剂量的防效分别为73.9%、85.3%、87.9%,根产量较空白对照分别增产24%、38%、30.2%,增糖0.46度、0.65度、1.94度。     

甜菜种子带锈病和褐斑病菌检测方法的研究

甜菜锈病是以种子带菌进行传播的病害,1954年被我国列为对外检疫对象,种子带褐斑病菌也是褐斑病初侵染源之一。甜菜种子携带锈病菌、褐斑病菌的检测方法,国内外报道较少,本试验以水洗离心处理检测甜菜锈病菌、褐斑病菌,对其检测的关键技术进行了探讨,两次试验结果表明:对于带菌种类的检测,1kg以下的种子样品可用四分法取种子30g加蒸馏水100mL,充分震荡15min,浸泡3h,将洗液直接镜检即可检测到甜菜锈病的夏孢子和甜菜褐斑病的分生孢子、孢子梗。对于带菌数量的检测,应采用将洗液进行2000r/min离心,取2mL底层沉淀物,用血球计数器进行镜检记数,其结果能较客观真实地反应种子的带菌情况。     

国外甜菜褐斑病、根腐病、黄化病毒病研究进展

综述了近10年来国外甜菜褐斑病、根腐病和黄化病毒病的研究进展。     

利用细胞工程技术创制改良甜菜基础材料的研究

利用单倍体培养及体细胞无性系变异技术对甜菜遗传单粒种的品质和抗性进行遗传改良,可在保留原有品系优良特性的基础上,对材料的含糖、抗性等性状,在较短的时间内获得优良纯合品系。本试验采用甜菜未授粉胚珠培养和体细胞无性系变异技术,创制并筛选出甜菜遗传单粒种高糖初级品系2个、高抗褐斑病初级品系3个、高糖兼高抗褐斑病的初级品系2个,为甜菜遗传单粒种的改良打下良好的基础。     

我国甜菜病虫草害种类分布及化学防治历程

我国甜菜三北产区,苗期发生的主要害虫有5种,其中以象虫为害最重,东北产区的优势种为蒙古土象,华北、西北产区的优势种为甜菜象;生长中期发生的主要害虫有8种;生长后期发生的主要害虫有7种,其中以甘蓝夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾为害最重。各甜菜主产区普遍发生的病害种类有:立枯病、根腐病、丛根病、褐斑病;普遍发生的甜菜草害种类有:稗草、柳叶刺蓼、反枝苋。在今后一段时期内,甜菜病虫草害的防治应以化学防治为主,生物防治为辅;化学防治应以高效低毒农药为主导;应加强种衣剂的研制、开发、应用,提倡混合施药。     

Disease variation and chemical control of Ramularia leaf spot in sugar beet

Data from 1999 to 2009 on Ramularia leaf spot caused by Ramularia beticola in sugar beet showed that it was a serious disease in sugar beet in 5 out of 11 seasons. The severity and significance of the disease was found to vary depending on events with precipitation, particularly in two specific weeks in July and September. Several fungicides were found to give effective control, and positive net yield responses were found in 9 out of 11 seasons. The average sugar yield response varied in individual years between 0.7 and 2.2 t ha⁻¹. High levels of control of Ramularia leaf spot was obtained in field trials, a semi-field trial and an in vitro test using the compounds pyraclostrobin, epoxiconazole, difenoconazole and propiconazole. Dose response trials with epoxiconazole from two seasons showed both reduced efficacy and yield responses from low doses. They also proved that the optimal input of fungicides varies significantly between seasons depending on disease severity. A sensitivity test of R. beticola to different fungicides showed a normal distribution of sensitivity with no sign of resistance development to either strobilurins or triazoles. Results from a semi-field trial showed both good preventive and curative effects with 84–100% disease control from epoxiconazole, difenoconazole and pyraclostrobin. In order to optimize an IPM control strategy better forecasting systems are needed along with cultivars providing higher levels of resistance to the disease.     

抗病偏高糖甜菜多倍体新品种甜研301的选育

甜研301是在改进多倍体育种技术的基础上育成的甜菜多倍体新品种。抗褐斑病、根腐病,含糖较高,稳产,优于当地推广品种及引进的国外多倍体良种。由于采用重点选择四倍体新本、早代定向培育、多点鉴定和南繁北育等手段,优良性状迅速稳定。种植面积已遍布黑龙江中、北部、吉林西部、辽宁、内蒙东部及北京延庆等地,至1987年已累计推广90余万亩。     

Glyphosate and fungicide effects on Cercospora leaf spot in four glyphosate-resistant sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) varieties

The potential for improved management of Cercospora leaf spot (CLS), caused by Cercospora beticola, using the herbicide glyphosate in glyphosate-resistant sugar beet varieties was investigated. Controlled field experiments were conducted in 2008 and 2009 to determine if glyphosate and glyphosate–fungicide combinations improved the management of CLS in four commercial varieties of glyphosate-resistant sugar beet. Variety and fungicide main effects were significant for CLS development. However, regardless of the herbicide program, glyphosate or a conventional herbicide program, CLS development was not affected. Therefore, results from of this research indicate that glyphosate and glyphosate–fungicide combinations do not significantly contribute to CLS management.     

Sensitivity of Cercospora beticola isolates from Serbia to carbendazim and flutriafol

Cercospora beticola, causal agent of Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) of sugar beet, is primarily controlled by fungicides. Benzimidazole and demethylation inhibiting fungicides, including carbendazim and flutriafol, have been widely used in Serbia. Since these fungicide groups have a site-specific mode of action, there is a high risk for developing resistance in target organisms, which is the most important limiting factor in Cercospora leaf spot chemical control. A rapid identification of flutriafol and carbendazim resistance can help researchers in examining the potential of different fungicide resistance management practices, as well as in selection of fungicides for use in the areas where resistance has occurred. One hundred single-conidia isolates were collected from 70 representative locations of the sugar beet production region in Serbia. Evaluation of the isolates' sensitivity was based on the reduction of mycelial growth on medium amended with 1.25 μg mL⁻¹ flutriafol and 5 μg mL⁻¹ carbendazim. Resistance to flutriafol and carbendazim was detected in 16% and 96% of the tested isolates, respectively. All isolates resistant to flutriafol were resistant to carbendazim as well, which is the first report of a double resistance to fungicides in C. beticola. Detection of the isolates resistant to flutriafol and carbendazim using Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence (CAPS) markers confirmed the results of the in vitro tests. The efficacy of carbendazim, flutriafol, azoxystrobin, and tetraconazole at commercially recommended doses was evaluated in field trials where sugar beet plants in plots were inoculated with a mixture of isolates either sensitive and/or resistant to flutriafol and carbendazim. Carbendazim and flutriafol efficacy was very low in plots inoculated with isolates resistant to these fungicides. Presented results will contribute to development of a pathogen population sensitivity monitoring strategy that could be used for an effective CLS management in the region.     

内蒙古固阳冷凉干旱区甜菜营养生长特性的研究

通过田间观察和定期生长分析,明确了冷凉干旱区采用地膜覆盖、灌溉栽培甜菜的各营养生长期的根、叶生长和糖分积累特点,讨论了甜菜生长中心的转移推迟和糖分积累期生长速率、净同化率大幅度降低的原因,提出提早间、定苗和通过水肥调控促进甜菜早发,加速生长中心转移,缩短叶丛快速生长期和改善水分状况,促进块根增长和糖分积累的措施。