小麦成熟胚基因枪转化影响因素的研究

为了探索小麦成熟胚基因枪转化的影响因素,对Z50、郑麦366、Bobwhite和西农529四个小麦基因型的成熟胚进行了愈伤组织的诱导及植株分化再生研究,同时以郑麦366的成熟胚为外植体分析了不同渗透处理剂、每枪金粉用量和轰击距离对基因枪转化过程的影响。结果表明,Z50、郑麦366、Bobwhite三个基因型的出愈率及胚性愈伤率差异不大,均在85%以上,西农529的出愈率较低,胚性愈伤率与Z50、郑麦366和Bobwhite差异显著。不同小麦基因型分化率差异显著,其中郑麦366分化率最高(39.26%)。基因枪转化结果显示,渗透剂对小麦愈伤组织生长均有一定的抑制作用,蔗糖的抑制作用比甘露醇弱;每枪金粉用量100μg的分化率较高(45.57%),但金粉用量100μg时的GUS瞬时表达量与金粉用量60μg时差异不显著,轰击距离为9cm时的分化率和GUS瞬时表达量均比6cm和12cm时高;蔗糖用量0.4mol、金粉用量60μg、轰击距离9cm时GUS瞬时表达量最高,该条件下小麦成熟胚转化频率达0.67%,已初步优化了基因枪介导的小麦成熟胚遗传转化体系。     

利用基因枪法对玉米自交系501的转化研究

用基因枪法分别将带有潮霉素磷酸转移酶标记基因的pCI-Os07G0622000、pCI-AK072466两种克隆载体导入玉米自交系501,对自交系501幼胚和愈伤组织两种受体进行转化。结果表明,501的幼胚和愈伤组织的转化情况不同,平均再生频率分别为10.25%和0.85%;PCR分子检测表明,Os07G0622000和AK072466基因已整合到玉米基因组中,501幼胚和愈伤组织两种受体最终分别获得15株和2株转基因植株,平均转化率分别为1.67%和0.19%。在自交系501的两种受体中,幼胚更适合作基因枪转化的受体材料。     

转GNA基因小麦新株系的分子检测和抗蚜虫性鉴定

为了进行抗蚜虫转基因小麦的研究，将人工合成的雪花莲凝结素(Galanthus nivlis agglutinin．GNA)基因通过基因枪转入优质小麦品种郑州9405的幼胚愈伤组织，经过在选择培养基上多次筛选，从360块被轰击的愈伤组织中再生到1株Bialaphos(除草剂)抗性植株，命名为G郑州9405。通过连续2代对转化株系进行PCR、Southern检测和蚜虫抗性鉴定，证明GNA基因已经整合到了郑州9405基因组中。目前已经获得了纯合稳定的转基因株系，并在河南农业科学院小麦所进行了环境释放试验。     

卡那霉素在小麦愈伤组织遗传转化中的应用

为建立利用卡那霉素筛选的小麦遗传转化的有效体系,采用不同浓度的卡那霉素对小麦品种的幼胚愈伤组织进行处理,系统地研究了不同品种、不同愈伤组织诱导培养基、不同诱导培养时间下愈伤组织对卡那霉素筛选的反应。结果表明,不同小麦品种的愈伤组织对卡那霉素的抗性存在显著差异;同一品种不同培养条件下产生的愈伤组织对卡那霉素的反应存在显著差异;小麦品种河农827在N培养基上诱导培养14d得到的愈伤组织在含有15mg.L-1卡那霉素的分化培养基上筛选,效果较好。基因枪介导转化河农827的愈伤组织,用卡那霉素筛选得到的抗性再生苗经PCR检测,检测出12.5%的阳性株。     

小麦不同转基因受体材料的植株再生培养研究

为了确定适宜的小麦转基因受体材料,通过不同取材和预处理,发现小麦幼胚作为基因枪转化的受体材料,其愈伤组织形成与芽分化能力优于幼穗。幼胚在枪击前的预培养时间对愈伤组织抗轰击损伤和恢复生长能力都有明显影响,预培养2周的幼胚愈伤组织作为受体的再生率较高。在轰击前6h到轰击后18h用0.4mol·L-1甘露醇处理,能增加分化率。小麦基因型不同,基因转化与植株再生的效果也有明显差别,本研究中豫麦18-64是较理想的受体基因型。     

小麦不同外植体离体培养及转化效率的比较研究

小麦基因枪法遗传转化中幼胚组织培养有很强的基因型依赖性．这在很大程度上限制了转基因小麦的广泛应用。为了建立克服基因型障碍的小麦高效再生系统．促进转基因小麦的规模化应用，对15个小麦基因型的幼穗、幼胚两种外植体的愈伤组织诱导率、绿苗分化率进行了比较研究。结果表明，各基因型愈伤组织诱导率在两种外植体之间无差异，但幼穗外植体产生的愈伤组织质量好于幼胚。15个基因型幼穗外植体的绿苗分化率均高于其相应的幼胚外植体绿苗分化率，表明幼穗是很好的外植体材料。对其中H6756和H311两个基因型不同外植体所形成的愈伤组织进行了基因枪转化，姑果表明，幼穗受体的基因转化效率明显高于其相应幼胚受体的基因转化效率。     

可去除选择标记的转CpTI基因抗虫玉米研究

将组成型表达的玉米泛素启动子与豇豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂基因CpTI连接,插入根癌农杆菌双T-DNA质粒,构建一个T-DNA结构域含有抗潮霉素选择标记基因hyg;另一个T-DNA结构域含有抗虫基因的双T-DNA单子叶植物表达载体,用以转化农杆菌菌株,再通过共培养转化玉米胚性愈伤组织。通过潮霉素培养基抗性筛选,用特异PCR扩增和Southern杂交检测,从分化再生的T0代植株中,鉴定出7个转化CpTI基因的阳性植株。目前,正结合进行田间分离纯合和DNA分子鉴定,培育去除选择标记基因的转基因抗虫玉米自交系。     

农杆菌介导的小麦幼胚遗传转化体系的优化

为了优化农杆菌介导的小麦幼胚转化体系,通过对4个小麦品种河农827、石新828、河农825、良星99的幼胚组织培养及再生系统的研究表明,在改良培养基MSW1和MSW2中,小麦幼胚胚性愈伤组织诱导率与MSW0培养基相比分别提高了6.0%和5.4%,并且显著提高了植株再生能力。采用混合正交试验设计,对农杆菌遗传转化过程中小麦幼胚的诱导培养基、诱导时间、农杆菌侵染浓度、侵染时间进行了优化。结果表明,在诱导培养基MSW2,诱导培养6d,OD660=1,侵染时间3h时,愈伤GUS瞬时表达率及抗性愈伤成活率最高,对河农827成活的抗性再生植株进行PCR检测,获得了候选转基因植株。     

2,4-D、Dicamba和KT对小麦成熟胚离体培养的影响

为了建立优良小麦品种遗传转化的高效组织培养体系,以扬麦158和郑麦9023成熟胚为外植体,探讨了Dicamba和2,4-D及KT对小麦成熟胚愈伤组织诱导和再生的影响。结果表明,Dicamba和2,4-D的愈伤组织诱导率最低为88.7%,最高可达95.1%,处理间无显著差异。不同激素诱导的愈伤组织在添加KT的培养基上分化时,再生率存在显著差异。两种基因型小麦用Dicamba诱导的愈伤组织比2,4-D诱导的愈伤组织具有更高的再生率。在分化培养时,培养基中添加5mg·L-1 KT比添加3mg·L-1的分化效果更好,但不同浓度KT对愈伤组织分化的效果因诱导激素的配比和基因型而异。扬麦158的综合指标更优,平均再生率可达20.1%,比郑麦9023高6.6%;采用4mg·L-1 Dicamba进行愈伤组织诱导,配合5mg·L-1KT分化培养更有利于小麦成熟胚离体培养。     

洁净DNA转化获得2mG2-epsps基因单拷贝整合的抗草甘膦水稻

洁净DNA转化是基因枪介导外源基因表达框导入植物的转化技术,能从根本上消除载体框架序列对转基因植株的不利影响。2mG2-epsps基因是具有重要育种价值的草甘膦除草剂抗性基因。以日本晴为材料,研究了草甘膦对水稻愈伤组织生长及分化的影响,采用洁净DNA转化技术将2mG2-epsps基因表达框导入水稻。结果表明:1)草甘膦对水稻愈伤组织的生长及分化有明显的抑制作用,当草甘膦浓度为2mmol/L时,愈伤组织绿苗分化率为18.97%,较对照71.67%显著降低。2)基因枪介导2mG2-epsps基因表达框转化水稻时,经草甘膦筛选获得抗性愈伤后,在植株再生培养基中去除筛选剂利于抗性愈伤的分化,转化率为17.20%。经Southern杂交分析,2mG2-epsps基因表达框均以单拷贝整合到受体基因组。52.17%(12/23)转基因株系可耐受12~50mmol/L的草甘膦。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Citrus Flavonoids in Fruit and Traditional Chinese Medicinal Food Ingredients in China

Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China.     

Evolutionary aspects of the trade-off between seed size and number in crops

Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.

The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).

The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Effect of a continuous hot water treatment of potato tubers on seed-borne fungal pathogens

Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive. Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk. Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d.