几个玉米改良系主要农艺性状配合力和遗传参数的分析

采用NCⅡ设计,对几个玉米改良系主要农艺性状进行了配合力和遗传参数分析.结果表明:388-2的产量性状的一般配合力最高,为较好的改良系;7922×388-2、吉853×388-2、Mo17×389-1、Mo17×387-1的配合力总效应较高.遗传参数分析表明:穗长、行数、秃尖长主要受加性基因控制;百粒重、单株产量、穗重主要受非加性基因控制。     

利用有效穗优异配合力分子标记改良粳稻恢复系的效果研究

亲本性状配合力改良是提高水稻杂种优势水平的重要环节。利用粳稻恢复系武育粳3号R的单株有效穗数优异配合力标记RM208-180条带,以武育粳3号R为供体亲本,宁恢8号为受体亲本,通过SSR分子标记辅助选择的杂交、回交和自交,获得了RM208位点为180 bp纯合条带的宁恢8号遗传背景的改良恢复系4个。改良恢复系8010-4-10、8010-4-14和8012-2-9分别与BT型雄性不育系863A配组,3个杂交组合单株有效穗数均显著高于对照宁恢8号,分别提高65.5%,56.9%和86.2%。3个组合的生育期和株高与对照差异不显著而单株有效穗数、单株日产量和单株产量显著增加,表明在不育系相同的条件下,改良的恢复系在目标性状的配合力上得到了明显改良。     

南斯拉夫玉米种质BC8241Ht的改良效果评价

以欧洲玉米种质BC8241Ht直选系南21-3及其改良系为材料,按NCⅡ杂交模式,应用灰色关联分析法对直选系南21-3及其改良系进行综合评价。结果表明,以BC8241Ht种质作为核心育种材料所实施的一系列改良选择,对提高自交系的配合力和杂交后代的综合表现效果是明显的。以配合力或实际测定值作为评价依据,其评价效果是一致的。     

12个玉米自交系的配合力分析

以12个玉米自交系为被测系,采用NCⅡ交配设计的原理和方法,研究了9个性状的配合力及其群体遗传参数。结果表明：被测系各性状的一般配合力方差均达极显著水平,98012、98008表现较优,可以进一步利用;98001、98005、98011综合性状较差,需要改良后利用;其余自交系部分性状的一般配合力较优,可用来改良其它自交系或作为选育二环系的基础材料。被测系多数性状的一般配合力方差大于特殊配合力方差,抽丝期、穗长、穗粗、穗行数、容重受遗传因素影响较大,可在早代对这些性状进行选择,而行粒数、百粒重、出籽率、单株产量受环境影响较大。     

6个小黑麦品种产量构成性状的基因效应和配合力分析

为了给小黑麦育种工作提供理论依据,利用Griffing完全双列杂交方法Ⅱ,采用加性-显性模型对6个小黑麦亲本的单株产量、单株稳数、每穗粒数、千粒重、株高、穗下节间长和穗长7个产量构成性状的基因效应、遗传组成和配合力进行了研究.结果表明,千粒重的遗传由加性效应和显性效应共同控制,株高由加性效应起主要作用,而单株产量、每穗粒数和穗下节间长除加性效应和显性效应控制外,还可能受上位性效应和环境效应控制.除新小黑麦4号外,其它亲本的大部分性状的显性效应预测值达到了负的极显著水平,预示着这些亲本杂种后代的产量性状将有明显的自交衰退现象.新小黑麦3号、新小黑麦4号的千粒重、株高和穗下节间长的加性效应达到了极显著水平,一般配合力也较高,因此这两个品种宜作为改良产量构成性状的骨干亲本.新小黑麦5号×H03-7杂交组合的特殊配合力在所有性状上均表现为正向效应,可作为改善产量构成性状的杂交组合.     

玉米自交系698-3改良系主要性状及其产量配合力比较研究

以玉米自交系698-3及改良系为试验材料,比较研究改良系与原自交系性状差异,分析不同改良系产量配合力及组合杂种优势表现,明确其遗传改良效果和育种利用潜力。结果表明,各改良系在吐丝期、株高、主要经济性状及产量等方面均产生了不同程度的变异,改良系K336有13个性状与自交系698-3达显著或极显著差异,是表型差异最大的改良系,改良系SP698-3-17和SP698-3-11的表型差异最小。单株产量GCA正效应较大的改良系依次为K336、K389和698-3GT42,多数改良系组合单株产量SCA效应差异不显著。多数组合统一对照优势为显著负优势,只有组合205-11×K336达显著正优势,其优势值达12.27%;36个改良系组合的分类对照优势多数为正优势,其中7个组合的正优势达显著或极显著水平。综上,改良系K336和K389的产量及主要经济性状和产量配合力均得到显著改良,其组合特殊配合力以及杂种优势总体表现较高,可作为高产育种用亲本。     

黔西北山区玉米主要数量性状一般配合力间相关研究

本文对玉米主要数量性状一般配合力间的相互关系进行了分析,结果表明,单株产量一般配合力与穗长、行粒数一般配合力呈极显著正相关和显著正相关,而与其它性状一般配合力的相关不显著.通径分析表明,提高单株产量一般配合力的关键是穗长、行粒数一般配合力的提高;通过提高穗行数,千粒重一般配合力来提高单株产量一般配合力也可获得较好的效果。     

不同大麦品种（系）产量相关性状的杂交优势及配合力研究

为了解我国不同大麦品种（系）产量相关性状的杂种优势及配合力,以我国不同产区的17份大麦品种（系）及其按NCⅡ设计配制的72个杂交F₁为材料,考察其两年度株高、穗下节间长、穗长、单株穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、单株粒重等产量相关性状的表现,分析各性状的杂交优势与配合力。结果表明,株高正向中亲优势（MPH）与超亲优势（HPH）组合比例最高,两年分别为1.00、1.00与0.97、0.95,其次为穗下节间长、穗长及千粒重;穗粒数与单株穗数的MPH与HPH变幅较大,其次是单株粒重与千粒重。株高的一般配合力（GCA）与特殊配合力（SCA）的效应值和变异最大,其次是穗粒数与千粒重,穗下节间长、穗长、单株穗数及单株粒重相对较小。被测性状F₁表型与GCA及SCA均呈显著或极显著正相关。本研究可为我国不同产区大麦品种间的杂交育种及亲本选配提供参考依据。     

籼型两系杂交水稻主要农艺性状配合力及遗传力分析

选择有代表性的 1 4个优良籼型两系杂交稻亲本 ,包括 5个不育系和 9个常规籼稻品种或恢复系 ,采用p×q不完全双列杂交 (NCⅡ )模式对 1 0个主要农艺性状的配合力进行分析。结果表明 ,所有性状的一般配合力和特殊配合力均达到了极显著的水平。在株高、剑叶长、穗长、千粒重、每穗总粒数等性状上 ,以加性效应占主导地位 ;而在单株产量、生育期、结实率和单株有效穗等性状上 ,则以非加性效应为主。所有 1 0个农艺性状受恢复系影响更大 ,但不育系对主茎剑叶长、穗长、千粒重、生育期、每穗总粒数等性状也有相当大的作用 ;各性状的狭义遗传力由大到小的趋势为 :株高、千粒重、剑叶长、每穗总粒数、穗长、每穗实粒数、生育期、单株有效穗、结实率、单株产量     

小麦温光敏雄性核不育系K78S及其衍生不育系的配合力分析

为了评价小麦温光敏核不育系的配合力,采用14×6不完全双列杂交对14个温光敏核不育系和6个恢复系的7个性状进行了配合力分析。结果表明,穗粒数、千粒重、穗长和小穗数的一般配合力(GCA)方差达极显著水平,这些性状以加性效应为主;单株产量、单株穗数和株高的GCA和特殊配合力(SCA)方差均达极显著水平,3个性状同时受加性和非加性效应的共同作用。GCA好的亲本一般都有较大的产量及产量构成因子GCA效应值以及较多的正效GCA产量构成因子,不育系S1、S6、S7、S9、S12、S13、m14均具有较好的GCA。10个单株产量最大组合的产量构成因素SCA效应值分析结果表明,强优势组合产量三要素的重要性依次为穗粒数、有效穗数和千粒重,不育系的小穗数和株高,恢复系的单株穗数、穗粒数、千粒重及株高的田间表型值与其GCA效应值呈极显著正相关,这些性状的表型值可直接用于指导亲本选配。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

---

Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

---

Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.