中国大麦种质资源Wx蛋白分析及糯大麦分子标记验证

利用1D-SDS-PAGE分析了中国167份不同直链淀粉含量类型的大麦种质资源Waxy 蛋白类型,发现在低直糯大麦和无直糯大麦两种类型中,可能存在四种生化遗传变异类型。其中有两种与无直糯大麦有关,一种是Wx基因可以正常转录,但转录产生的Wx蛋白无活性,不能催化直链淀粉合成;另一种是Wx基因不能正常转录,既无Wx蛋白产生,也无直链淀粉合成。另外两种与低直糯大麦有关,一种是Wx基因可以正常转录,但转录产生的Wx蛋白活性有限,催化直链淀粉合成的功能降低;另一种是Wx基因不完全正常转录,产生的Wx蛋白数量有限,影响直链淀粉合成。利用4个大麦与小麦的STS标记和2个大麦与小麦的SSR标记对不同Wx蛋白类型进行糯性鉴定,结果表明,迄今利用的Wx基因的STS引物P1可能只适合用于CDC Candle遗传类型相同的糯大麦品种或基因型的鉴定。其它标记均不能用于鉴定大麦糯性胚乳表型,因此当前对于糯大麦育种及Wx分子鉴定研究而言,还有待于开发新的分子标记。     

大麦高蛋白种质遗传稳定性分析

鉴定和筛选高蛋白大麦种质资源为育种者利用 ,提高饲用和食用大麦的营养品质是国内外大麦育种关注的热点。作者对“八五”、“九五”期间初鉴的 170余份蛋白质含量高的品种进行多点种植鉴定 ,从中选出 4 0份进行 2年多点重复鉴定和遗传稳定性分析 ,选出一批比Hiproly遗传稳定、性状比较优异的高蛋白种质。     

青海高原春小麦糯性新品系的筛选及其直链淀粉含量

为了培育适合青海高原种植的春小麦糯性新品系,利用DNA分子标记技术检测了80株青春533×糯麦1号F2代材料的Wx基因缺失情况,同时测定了不同Wx基因缺失类型F2代材料的小麦籽粒直链淀粉含量。结果表明,在80株F2代分离群体材料中,单缺失WxA1或WxB1或WxD1基因的材料分别为8份、11份、9份;同时缺失WxA1和WxD1基因的材料为10份,同时缺失WxB1和WxD1基因的材料为12份,同时缺失WxA1和WxB1基因的材料为9份;WxA1、WxB1和WxD1基因全部缺失的材料为8份。Wx基因的缺失数量与直链淀粉含量的高低有密切关系,缺失1个Wx基因（部分糯小麦）,直链淀粉含量比对照（青春533）降低5.28%~11.35%;缺失2个Wx基因（部分糯小麦）,直链淀粉含量比对照降低10.73%~19.81%;缺失3个基因（糯小麦）的直链淀粉含量为0.97%,比对照降低30.53%。高原春小麦与糯性小麦杂交的F2代直链淀粉含量下降幅度要比前人所研究的材料下降幅度大,并且WxB1单缺失引起直链淀粉含量下降（11.35%）比WxA1和WxD1双缺失所引起的下降幅度要大（10.73%）。     

大麦种质资源农艺性状鉴定及其利用

以179份大麦种质资源为材料,在江苏沿海地区脱盐土和盐土环境下种植,鉴定大麦株高、耐盐性、淀粉含量、穗长、实粒数和千粒质量。结果表明,大麦种质资源在脱盐土环境下株高平均值为92 cm,变幅为64～143 cm;盐土环境下株高平均值为61 cm,变幅为44～90 cm,种质资源耐盐系数平均值为0.67,变幅为0.48～0.86,淀粉含量平均值为55.1%,变幅为50.6%～62.2%,大麦种质资源穗长、实粒数和千粒质量平均值分别为6.80 cm、32.39粒和39.18 g。根据表型结果筛选出甘垦麦5号、宝黛和申海麦2号等矮杆材料,鄂大麦6号、宝黛和盐麦3号等耐盐性较高种质,糯大麦(引)C2-2、USA-β、盐引2012-13等淀粉含量较高种质,QB679、ZND30636、USA-β等穗长较高种质,ZDM8691、ZDM4126、LA-36等实粒数较高种质,大粒麦、花96-22、QB668等千粒质量较高种质。对淀粉含量较高的糯大麦(引)C2-2和淀粉含量较低的盐93166分析籽粒不同发育时期转录组数据,筛选籽粒淀粉合成的关键基因;以糯大麦(引)C2-2等淀粉含量较高的种质为亲本与江苏沿海地区主要育成品种配置杂交组合,选育高淀粉含量的大麦材料。     

大麦高蛋白种质遗传稳定性分析

鉴定和筛选高蛋白大麦种质资源为育种者利用，提高饲用和食用大麦的营养品质是国内外大麦育种关注的热点。作者对“八五”、“九五”期间初鉴的170余份蛋白质含量高的品种进行多点种植签定，从中选出40份进行2年多点重复鉴定和遗传稳定性分析，选出一批比Hiproly遗传稳定、性状比较优异的高蛋白种质。     

江苏二棱大麦农艺、籽粒和品质性状的特征及其相关性分析

为了解江苏二棱大麦表型性状特征及其相关性,以1989年以来江苏省审定/认定的32份二棱大麦品种(系)为材料,在江苏沿海地区对其3个农艺性状(株高、穗长、穗粒数)、7个籽粒性状(粒长、粒宽、粒厚、长宽比、长厚比、宽厚比、千粒重)和6个品质性状(直链淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量/直链淀粉含量、淀粉含量、蛋白质含量和β-葡聚糖含量)进行分析.结果表明,在农艺、籽粒和品质性状中,籽粒性状的变异系数最小,变化范围为3.91％～9.13％;品质性状的变异系数最高,变化范围为8.56％～36.21％.经相关性分析,同类性状间相关性达到显著水平的较多,而不同类别性状间较少;穗长、穗粒数和籽粒长宽比在不同育种阶段的大麦品种(系)间差异显著.通过综合聚类分析,32份大麦品种(系)被分成三类,三类品种(系)间株高、支链淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量/直链淀粉含量、淀粉含量差异显著.     

稻米直链淀粉含量的低世代筛选方法研究

针对稻米直链淀粉含量在育种低世代遗传改良中的问题,提出了简易的碘蓝染色法:采用一定量的半粒糙米染色,按照染色后颜色由棕红到深蓝的差异,将稻米直链淀粉含量分为4个类别,分别对应的直链淀粉含量由低到高。使用该方法测定了28份供试水稻品种,染色结果与实测值呈极显著相关(r=0.95**)。利用低世代遗传群体的研究,并通过分子标记辅助验证了该方法对Wx基因筛选的准确性。22份恢复系与保持系育种亲本通过此法所得直链淀粉含量与稻米淀粉合成相关基因标记之间的符合率较高。     

禾本科作物糯性的研究进展

综述目前禾本科作物糯性的研究进展。水稻、小麦、玉米、大麦、谷子、高粱在糯性基因定位及淀粉遗传情况。糯性品种在应用中的价值。为育种者提供一些理论依据并提出一些建议。     

中国玉米种质资源品质性状的分析与评价

对1986～1989年及1991～1994年国家种质资源库的,由全国26个省、市(区)农业科研单位繁殖提供的7609份玉米种质资源的主要品质进行了分析鉴定。我国玉米种质资源的粗蛋白质平均含量为11.92%,粗脂肪平均含量为4.8%,总淀粉平均含量为68.31%。其中2 537份玉米种质资源赖氨酸平均含量为0.289%,1060份玉米种质资源的直链淀粉含量为28.67%。粗蛋白质含量>15%,粗脂肪含量>7%,总淀粉含量>74%,赖氨酸含量>0.4% ,直链淀粉含量<2%的优质玉米品种的总筛选率分别为0.91%、0.47%、0.15%、1.02%和5.94%。     

部分亚洲稻品种胚乳直链淀粉含量分析

本研究分析了来自印度、斯里兰卡、中国云南、孟加拉、缅甸和印度尼西亚的204个水稻品种胚乳直链淀粉含量。结果表明:(1)大部分来自印度、斯里兰卡和孟加拉的水稻品种胚乳直链淀粉的含量较高,而来自中国云南、印度尼西亚和缅甸的水稻品种,胚乳直链淀粉的含量变化较大;(2)大部分粳稻品种胚乳直链淀粉含量较低,部分为糯性胚乳;虽然部分籼稻品种为糯性胚乳或低直链淀粉含量,但大部分籼稻品种直链淀粉的含量较高。     

Effect of Barley and Barley Components on Rheological Properties of Wheat Dough

The effects of addition of whole barley and barley components (starch, β-glucans and arabinoxylans) on rheological properties of dough prepared from wheat flours with variable gluten quality (cv. Glenlea, extra-strong; cv. Katepwa, very strong; cv. AC Karma, strong; and cv. AC Reed, weak) were investigated in these studies using Mixograph and dynamic rheological measurements. Whole barley meal, starch and non-starch polysaccharides from hulless barley with variable starch characteristics (normal, high amylose, waxy, and zero amylose waxy) were tested. Upon addition of either β-glucans or arabinoxylans, significant increases in peak dough resistance, mixing stability, and work input were recorded in all flours. The addition of starch to various wheat flours reduced the strength of the respective flour-water doughs. The improvement of dough strength upon addition of waxy or zero amylose waxy barley meal was associated with the high content of total and soluble β-glucans present in barley samples. The addition of arabinoxylans or β-glucans increased the G′ of wheat doughs; arabinoxylans had a greater effect than β-glucans. Starch substantially decreased the elastic modulus of dough prepared from cv. Glenlea but waxy and high amylose starches increased the G′ of dough prepared from cv. AC Karma. A combination of the high amounts of non-starch polysaccharides and unusual starch characteristics in barley seems to balance the negative effects associated with gluten dilution brought about by addition of barley into wheat flour.     

Characterisation of Starch from Inner and Peripheral Parts of Normal and Waxy Barley Kernels

A previous microscopical examination of barley kernels indicated an uneven distribution of amylose in the waxy cultivar SW7142-92, where the subaleurone layer was strongly stained by iodine. To explain these results, starch was isolated from fractions of inner and peripheral parts of kernels of the waxy cultivar and a cultivar with normal starch. Analyses of amylose content showed a higher concentration of amylose in starch from the outer part of the waxy barley kernel, where the amylose, determined by a colorimetric method, made up 8·6% of the starch compared with 5·9% in the middle and 2·2% in the innermost part of the waxy kernel. This difference in amylose distribution was not observed in the normal starch kernel. The results were confirmed by gel permeation chromatography. No differences in amylopectin chain length distribution were detected by size exclusion HPLC and HPAEC-PAD of amylopectins from different parts of the barley kernels.     

小麦籽粒淀粉合成动态及糊化特性的基因型差异

为了明确不同基因型小麦品种籽粒灌浆过程中的淀粉合成动态,为小麦的高产优质栽培提供参考信息,对6个不同基因型小麦籽粒形成过程中淀粉组分的变化及淀粉糊化特性进行了分析。结果表明,非糯性小麦的直链淀粉含量随着花后天数的增加呈上升的趋势,糯性小麦则呈先上升后下降的趋势,所有品种的支链淀粉含量均呈上升的趋势;不同基因型小麦直链、支链淀粉积累速率均呈单峰曲线图,不同品种直链淀粉最大积累速率出现的时间不同,而支链淀粉最大积累速率出现的时间均在花后21d;不同小麦品种的峰值粘度、低谷粘度、最终粘度均随着花后天数的增加而上升;不同品种淀粉糊化特性不同:糯性小麦之间在糊化时间、反弹值上无差异,而在峰值粘度、低谷粘度、最终粘度、稀懈值上的差异达显著水平;对于非糯性小麦,豫麦50和其他品种的多数糊化参数差异达显著水平;糯小麦和非糯小麦在糊化参数上的差异达1%显著水平。     

Chemical Composition and Microstructure of Two Naked Waxy Barleys

Two naked waxy barley cultivars, Bz 489-30 and Prowashonupana were analysed in order to study the chemical composition and the microstructure. Prowashonupana contained more protein, fat and ash, and less starch than Bz 489-30. The content of mixed-linked β-glucan was almost three times higher in Prowashonupana (14·9%) than in Bz 489-30 (5·6%), but extractability at 40 °C was much lower. Microscopy studies showed that kernels and endosperm cells of Prowashonupana were irregular, and that cell walls were thicker with a higher content of mixed-linked β-glucan than in Bz 489-30. In both barleys the sub-aleurone layer contained black starch granules, indicating a higher amylose content in this structure compared to the rest of the kernel. Starch was isolated from both barleys using two different procedures and analysed for amylose content. The amylose content was higher, while volume % of A-granules was lower and mean diameter of A-granules was smaller in starch isolated from Prowashonupana than from Bz 489-30. Both composition and yield of starch were however influenced by the isolation procedure used. The procedure which gave higher starch yield resulted in a higher amylose content, probably because of greater recovery of starch from outer parts of the kernel with a higher amylose content.     

Characterizing the molecular structure features of newly developed hulless barley cultivars with altered carbohydrate traits (Hordeum vulgare L.) by globar-sourced infrared spectroscopy in relation to nutrient utilization and availability

Four newly developed huless barley cultivars with altered carbohydrate traits were developed at the Crop Development Centre (CDC), University of Saskatchewan which varied for amylose (1–40% DM), and β-glucan (5–10% DM) content. The four hulless barley cultivars include zero-amylose waxy, CDC Fibar; 5%-amylose waxy, CDC Rattan; normal-amylose, CDC McGwire and high-amylose, HB08302. CDC Copeland was also included as a hulled barley control. Our previous study revealed the altered carbohydrate traits in barley affected nutrition availability and rumen degradation kinetics. These biological differences may be caused by differences in their molecular structure features. The objectives of this study were to (1) reveal molecular structure features in the four hulless barley cultivars with altered carbohydrate traits, and (2) quantify the molecular structural features in relation to rumen degradation kinetics, intestinal nutrient digestion and predicted protein supply to dairy cattle. Conventional Molecular Infrared-vibration Spectroscopy was applied to detect biochemical characteristics of functional group bands including protein, non-starch carbohydrate (β-glucan and cellulosic compounds) and total carbohydrate. Spectral data were further analyzed using univariate analysis of recording absorption peak parameters (baseline, region, relative height and area) and also multivariate analysis with agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis and principal components analysis. Although correlation results showed weak correlation (P < 0.05) between identified functional group bands and ruminal degradation kinetics and estimated protein supply from both models, molecular structure differences of hulless barley cultivars can still be detected by the Molecular Infrared-vibration Spectroscopy technique and potential truly protein supply (MP) was significantly affected (P < 0.05) by protein molecular structure characteristics in hulless barley cultivars.     

The effects of extrusion on the content and properties of dietary fibre components in various barley cultivars

Wholemeal flour from five Czech spring barley materials was processed in a single-screw extruder at 130 °C, addition of 20% water and a screw speed of 220 rpm. Two barleys (AF Cesar, AF Lucius) were hulless cultivars with a standard starch composition, while three barleys (KM 2624, KM 2460-1, KM 2460-2) were hulled waxy lines. The effect of extrusion on content of different dietary fibre fractions was determined. Also the changes of the molar mass of β-glucan were studied. Regardless of the barley genotype (standard starch or waxy), the extrusion had no significant effect on arabinoxylan content. A significantly higher beta-glucan and soluble dietary fibre content in barley cultivars with standard starch composition was observed after extrusion. The content of insoluble dietary fibre decreased significantly in all extruded flours. The molar mass of water-extractable beta-glucan increased independently of the barley variety after extrusion. But the increase in beta-glucan extractability due to extrusion was not observed.     

糯小麦配粉对普通小麦品质性状和鲜切面条品质的影响

为了明确糯麦配粉对小麦品质的影响,利用中国北部和黄淮冬麦区的三个小麦主栽品种京411、豫麦49和豫麦34,研究了添加10%、15%、20%、25%和30%不同比例的糯小麦面粉后其蛋白质、淀粉特性及面条品质的变化.结果表明,随着添加比例的提高,面粉蛋白质含量和沉淀值有所增加,和面时间和衰落势无显著变化.直链淀粉含量随添加量的增加而逐渐降低,高峰粘度和反弹值则均有所下降.直链淀粉含量与面条的粘弹性、光滑性和总评分呈二次曲线关系,直链淀粉含量为24%～25%时,面条的粘弹性、光滑性和总评分最好,添加15%～20%的糯小麦面粉即可达到这一效果.添加糯小麦面粉对面条色泽和表观状况无显著影响.     

一些小麦品种的淀粉特性分析

为了筛选出淀粉品质优良的面条小麦品种,分析了200份国内小麦品种(系)和6份澳大利亚小麦品种的淀粉特性及Waxy蛋白亚基组成.与国外优质面条小麦相比,国内小麦的淀粉品质总体上有一定差距,但主要淀粉特性的变异范围比较广,如直链淀粉含量变幅为17.79%～27.14%,膨胀势为3.77～10.45g/g,峰值粘度为491.50～4 497.00 cP,低谷粘度为74.00～3 042.00 cP,崩解值为584.50～1 986.50 cP.国内小麦品种(系)中有15份缺失Wx-B1蛋白亚基,其直链淀粉含量、峰值粘度和崩解值的平均值优于正常类型品种(系),如花培18-5直链淀粉含量低于19%,峰值粘度高于4000 cP,崩解值高于1 500 cP.河南省小麦品种(系)的淀粉特性优于其他省市.     

Effects on Grain and Malting Quality of Genes Altering Barley Starch Composition

In this study inbred barley lines carrying waxy and/or high amylose genes were obtained from a cross between Waxy Hector and a breeders» line BE285 (high amylose Glacier×Midas) and assessed for malting quality. Inbred lines were assayed and classified as having none, one or both genes. After malting, waxy lines had a slightly lower hot water extract than normal starch lines. Large effects were demonstrated for both grain nitrogen content and hot water extract in high amylose lines and, particularly, in lines with both genes. Endosperm modification during malting was reduced by both starch mutations. Electron microscopy showed that the phenotype with both genes was characterised by a highly compacted endosperm. During malting, this structure was extremely resistant to modification.