玉米种子活力田间测定及其遗传分析

以12个玉米自交系为试验材料,按不完全双列杂交试验设计组配35个杂交组合,对种子出苗势、出苗率、出苗指数、活力指数等种子活力指标进行配合力及遗传参数分析。结果表明:同一亲本种子活力4个性状间及同一性状12个亲本间的一般配合力(GCA)效应存在显著差异,12个亲本自交系中K1516的GCA效应表现最优,A3519表现最差;种子活力的特殊配合力(SCA)效应与GCA效应之间关系复杂,不能依靠双亲的GCA效应来推断其后代的SCA效应;种子活力各指标的广义遗传力都超过50%,狭义遗传力均超过30%,并且加性效应都大于非加性效应,表明这些指标可以作为种子活力早代选择的依据;千粒重与种子活力相关性很低。     

富铁玉米自交系的筛选及配合力研究

以30个玉米自交系以及从中随机抽取的16个自交系按Griffing方法4组配的120个杂交组合为供试材料,在春、夏播中对玉米子粒铁含量、铁含量的配合力进行了分析。结果表明:①供试玉米自交系铁含量变幅为14.98～26.83mg/kg,春、夏播杂交组合铁含量变幅分别为12.39～24.43mg/kg和14.18～27.25mg/kg;②铁含量除受遗传控制外,还明显受播期、基因型与播期互作的影响;③铁含量的GCA(一般配合力)、SCA(特殊配合力)、播期、GCA与播期互作、SCA与播期互作均达到显著或极显著水平;④多数铁含量SCA效应值较高的组合,至少有一个亲本的GCA效应值较高,但也有部分铁含量SCA效应值较高的组合,其双亲的GCA效应值却较低,表明在选育杂交组合时,应在选择铁性状GCA较高亲本基础上,通过广泛测交加强SCA选择;⑤亲本铁含量的表型值与GCA效应呈极显著正相关,相关系数r=0.70,在一定程度上可通过亲本铁含量表型值的水平来预测亲本GCA效应值的高低。     

杂交稻淀粉RVA谱特征值的配合力及杂种优势研究

以6个籼型三系杂交稻不育系和5个恢复系按不完全双列杂交配制的30个杂交稻组合及其亲本为材料,对其淀粉RVA谱特征值进行了测定和分析。结果表明:淀粉RVA谱特征值在各组合间均存在极显著遗传差异,其加性效应和非加性效应对杂交稻淀粉RVA谱特征值均存在极显著的影响,并以加性效应为主;杂交稻亲本RVA谱特征值一般配合力(GCA)效应高的,其后代特殊配合力(SCA)效应不一定高;杂交稻母本RVA谱特征值GCA方差在总的基因型方差中所占比重远远大于父本和组合SCA方差,表明杂交稻淀粉RVA谱特征值主要受不育系的影响;杂交稻淀粉RVA谱特征值的竞争优势与母本的GCA极显著正相关,且决定系数较高,表明杂交稻母本的一般配合力高,其所配杂交稻组合的竞争优势也强;杂交稻淀粉RVA谱特征值的峰值黏度存在明显的超高亲优势;糊化开始温度存在超低亲优势;其他性状存在中亲优势。     

玉米耐旱性的配合力分析

采用完全双列杂交Griffing方法Ⅰ,分析不同耐旱性双亲组合类型对后代耐旱性的影响及其亲本间耐旱性的一般配合力(GCA)、特殊配合力(SCA)和反交效应,同时对耐旱性主要遗传参数进行分析.结果表明,玉米耐旱性的GCA效应存在显著差异,SCA效应存在极显著差异,反交(R)效应的差异不显著,6个亲本之间的耐旱性存在明显差异,其中郑58耐旱性最强,PH4CV最差.用郑58、吉853、新自8717作耐旱亲本改良对后代耐旱性提高具有增益优势.基因的加性效应对后代耐旱性的提高因亲本和组合而异.因此,耐旱性遗传基因的表达仅取决于加性效应和非加性效应,而与反交效应关系较小,玉米耐旱性的选择宜在高代进行.     

小麦温光敏雄性核不育系K78S及其衍生不育系的配合力分析

为了评价小麦温光敏核不育系的配合力,采用14×6不完全双列杂交对14个温光敏核不育系和6个恢复系的7个性状进行了配合力分析。结果表明,穗粒数、千粒重、穗长和小穗数的一般配合力(GCA)方差达极显著水平,这些性状以加性效应为主;单株产量、单株穗数和株高的GCA和特殊配合力(SCA)方差均达极显著水平,3个性状同时受加性和非加性效应的共同作用。GCA好的亲本一般都有较大的产量及产量构成因子GCA效应值以及较多的正效GCA产量构成因子,不育系S1、S6、S7、S9、S12、S13、m14均具有较好的GCA。10个单株产量最大组合的产量构成因素SCA效应值分析结果表明,强优势组合产量三要素的重要性依次为穗粒数、有效穗数和千粒重,不育系的小穗数和株高,恢复系的单株穗数、穗粒数、千粒重及株高的田间表型值与其GCA效应值呈极显著正相关,这些性状的表型值可直接用于指导亲本选配。     

小麦品质性状杂种优势及其配合力研究

采用二组品质性状不同的12个亲本材料,通过6×6NCⅡ完全双列杂交设计,配制了36个组合,对小麦品质性状的杂种优势及其配合力进行了研究。结果表明,除谷蛋白大聚合体的平均杂种优势较大外,其它品质性状后代的平均杂种优势较小,但组合间杂种优势具有显著差异;大多数品质性状都受基因加性效应和非加性效应影响,以加性效应为主。在亲本之间、性状之间以及组合之间一般配合力效应值和特殊配合力效应值的差异均较大。除干面筋含量以外,各品质性状的亲本间和组合间方差分别达到显著或极显著差异水平。     

微胚乳超高油玉米子粒含油率的配合力研究

按Griffing方法4,用6个微胚乳超高油玉米自交系配制15个组合,研究微胚乳超高油玉米子粒含油率的配合力。结果表明:子粒含油率高的双亲在组配时有可能表现出超亲优势;子粒含油率的一般配合力(GCA)在各亲本间及特殊配合力(SCA)在各组合间均存在显著差异;子粒含油率的GCA效应与SCA效应之间无明显关系;以提高子粒含油率为育种目标,应选择具有较高子粒含油率和GCA效应值的自交系作亲本;子粒含油率有较高的遗传力,加性方差在遗传变异中起主要作用,子粒含油率宜在早代选择。     

小黑麦花药培养力的遗传模式分析

为探讨小黑麦花药培养特性的遗传特点和规律,以2个高花药培养特性和4个低花药培养特性的小黑麦为材料,用不完全双列杂交法对小黑麦花药培养力进行基因差异及配合力分析.结果表明,花药愈伤组织诱导率和绿苗分化率的基因型差异均达极显著水平,一般配合力(GCA)和特殊配合力(SCA)都是相互独立的.对于花药愈伤组织诱导率而言,其父本和母本的GCA及父本×母本的SCA方差均达显著或极显著水平,该性状的遗传差异既包括加性效应,也包括显性效应,但加性效应更为重要;对其绿苗分化而言,父本×母本的SCA方差达极显著水平,而父本和母本的GCA均不显著,该性状的遗传差异除包括加性和显性效应外,还包括上位性效应,但以非加性效应更为重要.因而对小黑麦花药培养力而言,在GCA效应高的基础上选配SCA高的组合,通过杂交可以选育出花药培养力高的基因型.     

早熟冬小麦品种主要性状的配合力分析

用6个早熟冬小麦亲本按Griffing方法4配制15个组合,进行了配合力分析.结果表明,CA8665、CA8695和N88-5262为三个配合力较好的早熟亲本,优势早熟组合是N88-5262×临远7053、CA8665×洛阳7602和早5×N88-5262.GCA与SCA效应值方差比较表明,小麦成熟性的加性与非加性效应均起作用.要评价一个亲本及其组合的优劣,应结合一般配合力、特殊配合力及其组合表现三方面来评价.     

优良玉米自交系丹T138配合力分析

以属于5个杂种优势群的24个常用玉米自交系为母本（P1）,优良玉米自交系T138-1及其秭妹系T138-2为父本（P2）,杂交获得了48个组合。分析了亲本自交系的一般配合力、杂交组合的特殊配合力和总配合力效应,主要结果表明：不同组合各性状配合力存在极显著差异。P1亲本,除出籽率GCA外,其他性状差异显著或极显著。P2亲本,生育期、株高、穗粗、行粒数、穗位、棒三叶面积GCA差异显著或极显著。P1与P2互作间的SCA方差除出籽率和小区产量差异未达显著水平外,其余10个性状的SCA差异均极显著。P1亲本各性状一般配合力差别很大,P2亲本T138-1出籽率一般配合力效应高于T138-2,其它性状GCA值均低于T138-2。穗位高、穗长、穗行数、行粒数、秃尖、百粒重、出籽率SCA值与其性状均值之间达到了正的极显著或显著相关,受环境影响较大。各性状总配合力效应与实际田间表现基本一致,生育期、株高、穗位高、棒三叶面积、穗长、穗粗、行粒数、百粒重总配合力效应与小区产量正相关。     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

白砂糖干燥与冷却机理及影响

砂糖的含水量、装包温度和仓储条件对其贮存保质具有重要影响。本文从白砂糖的含水分特性、干燥机理和生产过程环节等对白砂糖干燥与冷却的影响进行深入分析。由于结晶过程的包裹现象,砂糖含水分可分为表面和内部水分,白砂糖干燥过程只能去除前者。生产过程中煮糖、分蜜操作对内部水分含量有影响。贮存过程的内部水分的扩散是砂糖降质的根本原因,而装包温度和贮存条件是影响内部水分扩散的外在条件。     

Interactive Effects of Sodium and Potassium on the Growth and Photosynthesis of Spinach and Komatsuna

Abstract

Two cultivars of spinach and one cultivar of komatsuna were sand cultured using a nutrient solution with Na and K in various combinations. The growth (fresh weight of shoot) of spinach cv. Atlas was significantly increased when 1.4 mM KC1 of the 7 m M KO was replaced with 1.4 mM NaCl, although the growth was reduced when more KC1 was replaced with NaCl. In another spinach cv. All Right, however, NaCl substituting for 20% of KC1 showed no significant effects. In komatsuna, Na used in place of K at any ratio reduced the growth. The growth of spinach cv. Atlas was increased by applying 20 mM NaCl, irrespective of K dose (480 - 2400 mg K₂O per 1/2000 a Wagner pot). The growth of spinach cv. All Right was also increased by 20 mM NaCl when K was at a deficient level (480 - 960 mg K20 per pot), but was not when K was at: an excessive level (1920 - 2400 mg K₂O per pot). In komatsuna, 20 mM NaCl reduced the growth. In spinach, Na prevented the decrease of the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance caused by K deficiency.     

海南百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定及其发生危害

百香果是海南省的新兴产业,也是我国多个省区扶贫攻坚的重要产业。病虫害是影响百香果产业的重要因素,随着海南百香果种植面积越来越大,病虫害对百香果产业的不利影响越来越凸显。由于缺乏百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定的基础性研究,许多种植户对田间发生的病虫害种类识别不足,从而影响了百香果病虫害的防控效果。为了摸清海南百香果种植区的病虫害种类,于2019—2021年对海南省儋州市、乐东县、屯昌县、文昌市、三亚市、东方市、保亭县、白沙县、海口市等百香果种植区的病虫害进行了系统调查与鉴定,并对其发生危害特点进行了研究。鉴定发现海南百香果种植区的病害有11种,分别是病毒病、茎基腐病、炭疽病、疮痂病、疫病、灰霉病、果腐病、褐斑病、烟煤病、藻斑病和缺镁。重要病害为病毒病和茎基腐病,危害程度分别为4级和3级,炭疽病和疮痂病危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他病害危害较轻。害虫有28种,分别是黄胸蓟马、茶黄蓟马、红带蓟马、美洲棘蓟马、普通大蓟马、咖啡木蠹蛾、美洲斑潜蝇、橘小实蝇、斜纹夜蛾、双线盗毒蛾、绿丽刺蛾、白带锯蛱蝶、烟粉虱、温室白粉虱、柑橘粉蚧、木槿曼粉蚧、藤壶蜡蚧、茶角盲蝽、樟颈曼盲蝽、稻绿蝽、中稻缘蝽、茶小绿叶蝉、丽球瓢蜡蝉、绿鳞象甲、眼斑芫菁、白条豆芫菁、甘薯梳龟甲和朱砂叶螨。重要害虫为黄胸蓟马和咖啡木蠹蛾,危害程度均为3级,茶黄蓟马和美洲斑潜蝇的危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他害虫危害较轻。软体动物3种,分别是灰巴蜗牛、同型巴蜗牛和一种尚未鉴定的蛞蝓。本研究明确了海南百香果种植区病虫害具体种类,新发现百香果病害1种和害虫24种,为海南百香果病虫害的精准防控提供技术支撑。     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.     

FTIR and Solid StateC NMR Spectroscopy of Proteins of Wet Cooked and Popped Sorghum and Maize

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and solid state¹³C NMR spectroscopic methods were used to investigate changes in maize and sorghum proteins on wet cooking and popping. FTIR spectra indicated that wet cooking led to proteins in two normal sorghums, namely NK 283 (a red hybrid) and KAT 369 (a white variety), two sorghum mutants (P850029 and P851171) and a maize hybrid (PAN 6043) assuming more antiparallel intermolecular β-sheet character, possibly at the expense of some α-helical conformation. Solid state¹³C NMR, using the technique of Cross Polarisation Magic Angle Spinning showed shifts of the protein carbonyl carbon and α-carbon resonances upfield on wet cooking in all samples, also indicating a change in protein secondary structure from α-helical to β-sheet conformation. The extent of secondary structural change on wet cooking seemed to be greater in sorghum than in maize and may have a bearing on the inferior protein digestibility of wet cooked sorghum compared to maize. Popping produced the same secondary structural change as observed for wet cooking in both sorghum and maize. However, the extent of change on popping was less than on wet cooking in sorghum and maize.