2006年国家甜菜品种区域试验品种稳定性测定

通过对2006年国家9个甜菜品种区域试验结果的统计分析,求得品种×地点互作效应值(WU)ij、变异系数(iCKvu),并据此对参试品种进行了稳定性测定和适应性分析.结果表明:品种Beta807、KWS0143、ZM203、D0316表现出了较好的稳定性,有广泛的适应性.品种Beta807、KWS0143、ZM201、ZM203、KWS9145的产糖量水平较高,在生产中有较大的使用价值.品种TY309、ZM201的含糖率水平较高,并且具有很好的稳定性,在需要高糖品种的地区,可优先加以利用.     

2010年国家甜菜品种区域试验品种稳定性测定

通过对2010年国家甜菜品种区域试验结果的统计分析,求得品种×地点互作效应值(VU)ij、变异系数(iCKvu),并据此对参试品种进行了稳定性测定和适应性分析。结果表明:8个参试品种中SR-496表现出了很好的稳定性,有广泛的适应性,产糖水平较高,有很大的使用价值。品种ZM205、ST21015、HI0936表现出了较好的稳定性。ST21015的产糖水平最高,有较大的使用价值。ZM205、HI0936产糖水平一般,可做调剂品种使用。品种Beta866、KWS9442、2003-18、ST0918的稳定性较差。Beta866、KWS9442的产糖水平较高,应有选择地加以利用。2003-18含糖性状有明显优势,需要品种的高糖性状,可以选择使用。ST0918的产糖量水平较低,生产上使用没有优势。     

2008年国家甜菜品种区域试验品种稳定性测定

通过对2008年国家甜菜品种区域试验结果的统计分析,求得品种×地点互作效应值(VU)ij、变异系数(iCKvu),并据此对参试品种进行了稳定性测定和适应性分析。结果表明:品种ZM202、ND41、CH9301、HI0466、HI0474、XJT9902表现出了较好的稳定性,有广泛的适应性。品种Beta6872、KWS3148、KWS4125、HI0466、HI0474的产糖量水平较高,在生产中有较大的使用价值。品种D03169、2005-21的含糖率水平较高,并且具有很好的稳定性,在需要高糖品种的地区,可优先加以利用。     

2011年国家甜菜品种区域试验品种稳定性测定

通过对2011年国家甜菜品种区域试验部分品种试验结果的统计分析,求得品种×地点互作效应值(VU)ij、变异系数(iCKvu),并据此对参试品种进行了稳定性测定和适应性分析.结果表明:在6个被测品种中,ST21916产糖量稳定性很好,水平一般,具有广泛的适应性,含糖率稳定性一般,水平较低,产糖量的稳定性可以利用.KWS9147和Beta064产糖量稳定性一般,水平很高,含糖率稳定性很好,水平一般,有很大的利用价值.MA11-3产糖量稳定性一般,水平一般,含糖率稳定性较好,水平较高,有较大的使用价值.SM-497产糖量和含糖率稳定性都一般,产糖量水平较低,含糖率水平较高,含糖率有明显的优势.STC395产糖量稳定性差,含糖率稳定性一般,产糖量和含糖率水平都较低,没有使用优势.     

2015年国家甜菜品种区域试验品种稳定性评价

通过对2015年国家甜菜品种区域试验部分品种试验结果的统计分析,求得品种×地点互作效应值(VU)ij、变异系数(i CKvu),并据此对参试品种进行了稳定性测定和适应性分析。结果表明:在被测的8个甜菜品种中,品种HI0556、HI1420的产糖性状稳定性较好:品种HI0556的产糖量水平中等,含糖率水平较低,在生产中有一定利用价值;品种HI1420的产糖量水平中等,含糖率水平较高,在生产中有较高的利用价值;品种SV1555、KWS2314、STm1217、STD1244的产糖量稳定性一般:SV1555、KWS2314产糖性状较好,含糖性状亦处中等水平,在生产中有较高的利用价值;STm1217、STD1244产糖性状较差,含糖性状亦处较低水平,利用价值有限。品种Beta468、JKF208-11的产糖量稳定性较差:Beta468的产糖量水平较高,含糖率水平中等,在生产中高产性状应加以利用;JKF208-11产糖量水平较低,含糖率水平较高,高糖性状可选择利用。     

2013年国家甜菜品种区域试验品种稳定性测定

通过对2013年国家甜菜品种区域试验8个品种15个地点试验结果的统计分析,求得品种＆#215;地点互作效应值（VU）ij、变异系数（iCKvu）,并据此对参试品种进行了稳定性测定和适应性分析。结果表明：在被测品种中,MA10-9的产糖量和含糖率稳定性较好,具有较广泛的适应性,产糖量水平中等,含糖率水平较低,稳定性较好是该品种的优势。ST13929、Beta807的产糖量和含糖率稳定性一般,二者产糖量和含糖率水平中等,可选择使用。 MA2070的产糖量稳定性一般,含糖率稳定性较好,产糖量和含糖率水平中等,含糖率稳定性较好是该品种的优势。KWS2314的产糖量稳定性一般,含糖率稳定性较差,产糖量水平较高,含糖率水平中等,产糖量水平较高是该品种的优势。 KWS1479、TY309的产糖性状稳定性较差,含糖率稳定性一般：KWS1479产糖量水平较高,含糖率水平一般,产糖量水平较高是该品种的优势;TY309的产糖量水平较低,含糖率水平较高,高含糖性是该品种的优势。 JKF208-10的产糖量和含糖率稳定性较差,产糖量水平较低,含糖率水平较高,高含糖性是该品种的优势。     

2005年国家甜菜品种区域试验适应性分析

通过对2005年国家甜菜品种区域试验结果的统计分析,求得品种×地点互作效应值、变异系数,并据此对参试品种进行了稳定性测定和适应性分析。结果表明:品种BTS356、ZD211、ZM201、ZD212、KWS9145、内2265、ZD204表现出了很好的稳定性,有广泛的适应性。BTS356、ZD211、ZM201、KWS9145的产糖量水平很高,有较大的使用价值。BTS356在洮南、张北、呼和浩特、大同、黄羊镇表现出了特别适应性,ZD211在呼和浩特、塔城表现出了特别适应性,ZM201在塔城表现出了特别适应性,KWS9145在巴盟、黄羊镇、塔城表现出了特别适应性。品种2001-10、TY309的含糖率水平较高,并且具有很好的稳定性,在需要高糖品种的地区,应优先加以利用。     

2014年国家甜菜品种区域试验品种稳定性评价

通过对2014年国家甜菜品种区域试验部分品种试验结果的统计分析,求得品种×地点互作效应值(VU)ij、变异系数(i CKvu),并据此对参试品种进行了稳定性测定和适应性分析。结果表明:在被测的12个甜菜品种中,ST21115、STD1210的产糖量和含糖率稳定性较好,具有较广泛的适应性,产糖量和含糖率水平中等,这两个品种有较好的利用价值。KWS1197、STm0915的产糖量稳定性较好,含糖率稳定性一般:KWS1197产糖量和含糖率水平较高,有较好的利用价值;STm0915产糖量和含糖率水平中等,也有较好的使用价值。SV1434、Beta240的产糖量稳定性一般,含糖率稳定性较好,产糖量和含糖率水平一般,有较好的利用价值。ST12024的产糖量和含糖率稳定性一般,产糖量和含糖率水平较高,该品种有较好的使用价值。ST1213的产糖量稳定性一般,含糖率稳定性较差,产糖量和含糖率水平较低,该品种的利用价值有限。SV1433的产糖量稳定性较差,含糖率稳定性一般,产糖量和含糖率水平较高,该品种可在适应地区选择使用。STN1323、STm7117、HDTY16的产糖量和含糖率稳定性较差;HDTY16的产糖量水平较低,含糖率水平较高,高含糖性状可选择利用;STN1323、STm7117产糖量和含糖率水平较低,二者的利用价值有限。     

红兴隆地区引进甜菜品种比较试验初报

对黑龙江省红兴隆地区引进的16个甜菜品种进行比较试验,结果表明：甜菜根产量比对照甜研309增产超过20％的品种有BTS220、BTS356、Beta807、KWS3113、KWS3117、KWS4426;含糖率降低不超过1．0度的品种有ZD206、BTS220、KWS9419;产糖量比对照增产超过10％的品种有BTS220、BTS356、Beta807、KWS3113、KWS3117、KWS4426、KWS9419。综上,ZD206、BTS220、BTS356、Beta807、KWS3113、KWS3117、KWS4426、KWS9419等品种较适合该地区的生态环境,有良好的应用前景。     

2013年美国甜菜引种试验简报

对引进美国Beta公司的11个甜菜新品种进行了比较试验,结果表明:Beta公司甜菜品种在块根产量、含糖率、产糖量方面均超CK(KWS2409)。其中Beta064、Beta377无论是地上部表现,还是抗病性、产质量方面均表现十分突出,新疆糖区可根据当地需求选用,适当示范并推广。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.