吉林省玉米骨干亲本的亲缘系数分析

对吉林省1978～2012年获奖的71个普通玉米品种亲本自交系中的93个自交系进行亲缘系数分析,探讨其遗传多样性。结果表明,供试材料COP值变异范围为0～0.937 5,平均值为0.028 5。利用自交系间遗传距离,采用兰氏距离类平均法进行聚类分析,将供试材料聚为6个类群,A类群包括黄早四、自330、428等20个自交系;B 类群包括81162、四273、丹340 等8 个自交系;C 类群包括Mo17、吉846、吉63 等15 个自交系;D 类群包括U8112、铁7922、沈5003、K10、7884-7Ht等21个自交系,除长3和英64外,均含有国外玉米种质的血缘;E类群只有1个自交系丹599-20-1单独聚类;F类群共有28个自交系,包括国外杂交种选系14个,地方品种选系4个,未知来源自交系2个,综合种选系1个。     

对导入Suwan1玉米种质选育自交系的评价

试验选用地方常用系甸骨11A、红玉米、长3、Mo17、黄早四导入Suwan1种质选育的自交系5份,分别与选定测验种杂交。通过改良系与未改良系、改良杂交种与未改杂交种的比较,结果表明改良系生育期延后,穗行数增加、百粒重下降、单株产量提高,增产幅度在3.9%～43.5%。改良系与选定测验种的杂种优势表现:甸骨11A改良系与红玉米、红玉米改良系与甸骨11A、长3改良系与海014的产量对照优势显著高于相邻对照;红玉米改良系与C500、Mo17改良系与B73和444的产量对照优势为正,长3改良系与龙抗11,黄早四改良系与Mo17和8112的产量对照优势为负,但与相邻对照差异均不显著;甸骨11A改良系与早大黄的产量对照优势为负并差异显著,其杂交种丝黑穗发病率25.3%。     

国内外几个骨干玉米自交系的配合力分析

采用P(P-1)/2完全双列杂交设计对10个自交系的7个主要经济性状进行一般配合力和特殊配合力分析，结果表明7个性状同时受加性和非加性效应控制，以加性效应为主。Mo17、B73、E28、5003、黄早4五个系产量性状的一般配合力较高，对产量的有利基因位点多，是个现代高产杂交种的主要亲本，从特殊配合力看B73×Mo17是现代最理想的杂交种。     

热带、亚热带玉米种质在北方早熟春玉米育种中的利用研究

试验选用地方常用自交系甸骨11A、红玉米、长3、Mo17(未改良自交系)和导入热带玉米种质选育的8份自交系(改良自交系),每份改良自交系分别选定2个测验种,配制16个杂交种(改良杂交种),未改良系与选定2个测验种组配的杂交种(未改良杂交种)作为改良杂交种的相邻对照,对比法设计。改良自交系和未改良自交系、改良杂交种和未改良杂交种的性状观测值作为一对数据,按成对资料统计方法分析,t测验。结果表明:甸骨11A导入Suwan1、5-56的改良自交系与红玉米杂种优势较高,红玉米导入Suwan1、EVT5的改良自交系与甸骨11A杂种优势较高,长3导入Suwan1、墨黄9的改良自交系与海014的杂种优势较高。改良自交系主要性状变化表现为生育时期延后、单株产量增加。未改良自交系熟期越早,改良自交系及改良杂交种生育时期延后时间越长,改良自交系单株产量增加幅度越大。改良自交系及其改良杂交种的玉米大斑病、茎腐病的抗性有了较大提高。     

热带种质在北方早熟春玉米改良中的利用

选用甸骨11A及其导入不同的热带种质及不同的比例和热带种质占25%比例姊妹系共9份材料,以早大黄、红玉米为测验种,采用二因素试验设计,测定了甸骨11A热导系杂交组合的产量和对照优势、农艺性状及自交系农艺性状。结果表明:同一自交系在不同的测验种间表现不同。若用“甸骨11A×早大黄”模式则采用Evt5导入甸骨11A选系效果较好;若用“甸骨11A×红玉米”模式,则用Suwan1导入甸骨11A选系杂交种产量高。Suwan1导入甸骨11A的比例以12.5%～50.0%为宜,其中25%的导入比例综合效果较理想。在Suwan1导入甸骨11A占25%的3个姊妹系间,其杂交种产量和农艺性状及自交系本身的主要性状均有较大差异,表明在导入遗传基础较广泛的热带种质的选系中,保持一定数量的姊妹系是有益的。     

欧洲玉米种质BRC选系主要农艺性状的配合力及杂种优势分析

采用NCⅡ遗传交配设计,以分属于5个杂种优势群的自交系昌7-2、DH34、Mo17、郑58和丹988为测验种,与5个欧洲玉米种质BRC选系组配25个杂交组合,分析5个欧洲玉米种质BRC选系的主要农艺性状的配合力及杂种优势。结果表明,自交系BRC-1和BRC-5单株产量及相关性状一般配合力表现较好,在玉米育种中有较大的利用潜力;组合BRC-5×Mo17、BRC-6×DH34和BRC-1×丹988是产量及相关性状特殊配合力综合表现优良的组合;BRC-5×DH34、BRC-1×DH34、BRC-1×丹988、BRC-6×DH34和BRC-1×昌7-2是单株产量总配合力和杂种优势表现突出的组合。BRC种质选系或BRC改良自交系可与旅大红骨、塘四平头、PN78599类群的玉米自交系杂交组配出强优势玉米杂交种。     

2001～2012年国审玉米品种亲本自交系系谱来源分析

搜集和整理2001～2012年国审普通玉米杂交种及其双亲自交系的来源,分析并绘制亲本自交系的系谱图,根据亲本自交系所属的杂种优势群,分析杂种优势模式的类型与比例.结果表明,属于塘四平头群的亲本自交系主要是黄早四的衍生系,骨干黄改系吉853、LX9801与昌7-2仍然被广泛应用,并且产生多个衍生系被大量应用;旅大红骨群的亲本自交系主要是丹340及其衍生系,其中自交系丹598的多个衍生系成为国审玉米杂交种的亲本自交系;Reid群的亲本自交系数量最大,478衍生系数量达30多个,7922衍生系数量达20多个,5003的衍生系数量为10个以上;PB群的亲本自交系是78599直接选系及其衍生系,其中齐319已产生多个衍生系;Lancaster群的亲本自交系主要是Mo17的改良系.杂种优势模式类型中Reid×塘四平头杂交种所占的比例最大.     

41份中晚熟欧洲玉米选系的配合力及杂种优势分析

试验以东北农业大学利用17份欧洲玉米种质选育的41份中晚熟优良自交系为材料,以代表瑞德类群的自交系D1798Z和兰卡斯特类群的HCL645为测验种,采用NCII遗传交配设计组配82个杂交组合,分析产量配合力及杂种优势关系。结果表明,41份欧洲选系的单株产量GCA相对效应值为-20.95%~26.72%,20份材料的一般配合力表现为正效应。DNF26-7-1、DNF03-12-2、DNP03-7-1等28份选系偏向于瑞德类群,DNF06-1-1、DNPA4-5-3-2、DN-2-12-1等13份选系偏向于兰卡斯特类群,其杂种优势模式为瑞德×兰卡斯特。18个杂交组合单株产量对照优势为正值,选系DNF14-9-2、DNR11-10-1和DNF26-6-1与HCL645组配的3个组合对照优势表现突出,育种潜力较大。     

三个群体选育自交系配合力分析及评价

试验以自交系B73、Mo17、444、丹340为测验种,采用NCⅡ设计对品综1号群体、中综3号群体、陕综5号群体选育的18份自交系进行配合力及杂种优势分析。结果表明:选自同一群体和不同群体间的自交系配合力有较大差异,陕综5号群体选系有3个、品综1号群体选系有1个一般配合力较高。陕综5号选系与丹340、中综3号选系与Mo17和B73、品综1号选系与444和丹340特殊配合力较高,杂种优势较强。     

玉米杂交种辽单43的选育思路及技术上的创新

优质玉米杂交种辽单43是辽宁省农业科学院以自选系辽4584为母本,自选系辽5088为父本组配而成的玉米杂交种。母本来源于四个自交系（铁7922×沈5003）×（辽5011×辽8713）选系,父本来源于美国杂交种78479选系。文章详细剖析了品种来源及母本、父本的选育过程。并对辽单43使用聚合杂交技术重组优良基因和利用新的杂交优势模式等技术创新方面做了分析。希望能给广大育种者提供新的思路和方法。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

芸薹属多倍体与二倍体作物 花柱及角果的发育差异

通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

云南咖啡主要病虫害及防治调查研究

对云南保山、德宏、普洱等地咖啡病虫害开展调查研究,结果表明：咖啡锈病(Hemileia vastatrix Berk et Br.)、炭疽病(Colletotrichum coffeanum Noack)、褐斑病(Cercospora coffeicola Berk. et Cooke)、幼苗立枯病(Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn.)、旋皮天牛(Acalolepta cervina Hope)、灭字虎天牛(Xylo     

Herbicide application and direct drilling improves establishment and yield of chicory and plantain

The herbs chicory ( C ichorium intybus L.) and plantain ( P lantago lanceolata L.) are increasingly popular summer forage cropping options for dairy producers. However, the impact of different establishment methods on their productivity is largely unknown. Four establishment methods for chicory and plantain crops sown into non‐cultivated ryegrass pastures in spring were compared. Establishment methods included direct‐drilling or broadcasting seed into existing pastures, with or without herbicide application before sowing in a 2 × 2 factorial design. It was hypothesized that plant establishment and growth would be enhanced by spraying to kill existing ryegrass pasture and direct‐drilling herbs (Spray and Drill, SD) compared with broadcasting seed with no herbicide application (Unsprayed and Broadcast, UB). This hypothesis was supported with an additional 2·1–2·3 t DM ha^?1 grown over 201 d from swards established by SD, compared with swards established by UB. The SD method also increased the plant density of the herbs and reduced the proportion of weed species. Spraying and direct drilling is more expensive than broadcasting seed with no herbicide application, but the increase in yield means that extra feed can be supplied at less than half the cost of purchasing the equivalent amount of feed. Therefore, for optimal economic outcomes, chicory and plantain swards should be established by applying herbicide to existing pasture and direct‐drilling seed.     

施肥对小麦花生两熟制作物产量和品质的影响

利用盆栽试验,研究了小麦花生两熟制栽培条件下,有机肥（圈肥和豆饼）与无机肥（三料复合肥）配施及单施对小麦花生两熟制作物产量和品质的影响。结果表明施肥不仅能提高麦油两作的产量,同时对提高产品的品质亦有明显的作用,有机肥与化肥配施效果优于单施有机肥或化肥。