Monitoring of Insecticide Resistance and Genetic Analysis of Triazophos Resistance in Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

During 2001 and 2002, insecticide resistance in the fourth instar larvae of striped stem borer (Chilo suppressalis), which were collected from Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui and Jiangxi provinces in China, was monitored using topical application method. Low level of resistance to fipronil (6.5-fold) was detected for the first time in RA (Rui’an) population from southeast Zhejiang, but the other six populations tested remained susceptible to this recently introduced insecticide. No resistance to abamectin had been found after examining six populations from Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Anhui provinces. Resistance to triazophos was monitored in ten populations from the four Provinces, and very high level resistance(163.1-fold) was found in RA population, moderate (18.2-fold) in WZ (Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province) population, and low (6.7- to 9.7-fold) in populations of CS (Changshu), XS (Xishan) and JT (Jintan) from south Jiangsu, whereas the other five populations were susceptible. All the nine populations monitored were resistant to monosultap with varying degree, i.e. high level (113.7- and 57.6-fold, respectively) of resistance in RA and YF (Yifeng, Jiangxi Province) populations, moderate (11.0- to 29.7-fold) in WZ, CS, JT and TH (Taihu, Anhui Province) populations, low (6.7- and 7.5-fold, respectively) in XY (Xinyang, Jiangsu Province) and XS populations, and the lowest (3.7-fold) in GY (Guanyun, Jiangsu Province) population. Inheritance of resistance in triazophos selected strain Rts was studied through reciprocal cross and backcross experiments. The preliminary results indicated that inheritance of triazophos resistance in Rts strain was incompletely dominant, with degrees of dominance being 0.46 and 0.68 for reciprocal crosses, and that the resistance was controlled by a major gene, though minor modifying gene(s) might be involved.     

Susceptibility to Insecticides and Ecological Fitness in Resistant Rice Varieties of Field Nilaparvata lugens Stl Population Free from Insecticides in Laboratory

A population of rice brown planthopper(BPH) Nilaparvata lugens collected from a paddy field in Hangzhou was successively reared on susceptible rice Taichung Native 1(TN1) in a laboratory free from insecticides for more than 14 generations. The changes in susceptibility to insecticides and ecological fitness on different resistant rice varieties were monitored in each generation. The resistance ratio to imidacloprid sharply declined with the succession of rearing generations without insecticides from 359.94-fold at F1 to 6.50-fold at F14 compared with the susceptible strain, and the resistance ratio to chlorpyrifos was from 9.90-fold at F1 to 5.94-fold at F14. Nymphal duration and weights of newly hatched female adults were significantly affected by rice variety, generation and their interactions, but nymphal survival was significantly affected by the generation only. The ratio of brachypterous adults in males was affected by the generation and generation × variety interaction, whereas no difference was found in females. Nymphal duration extended with increasing generations, and the female nymphal duration was shorter in the susceptible variety TN1 than those in the resistant varieties IR26 and IR36. In addition, the female adult weight in TN1 was higher than those in IR26 and IR36. These results indicated that the resistance of field BPH population to insecticides was reversed after several generations of no-exposure to insecticides, and the ecological fitness in TN1 was higher than those in IR26 and IR36. These findings suggested the rational and reduced use of insecticides in combination with the manipulation of resistant rice varieties would be effective for BPH management.     

Distribution of Magnaporthe grisea Population and Virulence of Predominant Race in Jiangsu Province,China

Three hundred and forty-two mono-conidial isolates were obtained from rice blast specimens collected from five typical areas in Jiangsu Province during 2000-2002. The isolates could be classified into seven groups, thirty races when assessed with seven Chinese differential rice cultivars. The race ZG1 was predominant one of Magnaporthe grisea with a frequency of 65.00% in 2000, 56.90% in 2001 and 60.38% in 2002; the races ZB and ZC groups were also important in Jiangsu Province. By inoculating 130 ZG1 race isolates on thirteen Japanese cultivars with known resistance genes, forty-two pathotypes were found. Among them, 30.77% of ZG1 race isolates had virulence to rice cultivars Shin 2(Pita-ks, Pi-sh), K1(Pi-ta), Pi 4(Pi-ta2, Pi-sh), being the predominant pathotype, indicating the resistances of cultivars Shin 2 (Pita-ks, Pi-sh), K1(Pi-ta), Pi 4(Pi-ta2, Pi-sh) had lost the resistance in Jiangsu Province. Rice cultivar K3(Pi-kh) was highly resistant to Magnaporthe grisea with 100% resistance frequency, and resistant to the two single isolates, 2003-184(ZC5) and 2003-14-1(ZG1), however, it was infected by a mixture of the two isolates. It was suggested that the change in virulence stemmed from the interaction of different pathotype isolates was one of the reasons that made variety lose its resistance.     

Quantitative Trait Loci for Resistance to Stripe Disease in Rice （Oryza sativa）

In order to map the quantitative trait loci for rice stripe resistance, a molecular linkage map was constructed based on the F2 population derived from a cross between Zhaiyeqing 8 and Wuyujing 3. Reactions of the two parents, F1 individual and 129 F2:3 lines to rice stripe were investigated by both artificial inoculation at laboratory and natural infection in the field, and the ratios of disease rating index were scored. The distribution of the ratios of disease rating index in Zhaiyeqing 8/Wuyujing 3 F2:3 population ranged from 0 to 134.08 and from 6.25 to 133.6 under artificial inoculation at laboratory and natural infection in the field, respectively, and showed a marked bias towards resistant parent (Zhaiyeqing 8), indicating that the resistance to rice stripe was controlled by quantitative trait loci (QTL). QTL analysis showed that the QTLs detected by the two inoculation methods were completely different. Only one QTL, qSTV7, was detected under artificial inoculation, at which the Zhaiyeqing 8 allele increased the resistance to rice stripe, while two QTLs, qSTV5 and qSTV1, were detected under natural infection, in which resistant alleles came from Zhaiyeqing 8 and Wuyujing 3, respectively. These results showed that resistant parent Zhaiyeqing 8 carried the alleles associated with the resistance to rice stripe virus and the small brown planthopper, and susceptible parent Wuyujing 3 also carried the resistant allele to rice stripe virus. In comparison with the results previously reported, QTLs detected in the study were new resistant genes to rice stripe disease. This will provide a new resistant resource for avoiding genetic vulnerability for single utilization of the resistant gene Stvb-i.     

The impacts of timing and insecticides at early stage of late rice on the population development of brown plant hopper （BPH）

Field experiments were carried out in northern Zhejiang Province. Three insecticides (methamidophos,Shachongshuang and triazophos) were used to control the rice leaffolder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and rice striped stemborer Chilo suppressalis in rice fields during 18—27 days after transplantating. The impacts of timing and insecticides on the population development of brown planthopper Nilaparavata lugens was surveyed by direct counting on the plants or by tapping method.     

Improvement of Resistance to Bacterial Blight by Marker-Assisted Selection in a Wide Compatibility Restorer Line of Hybrid Rice

4183 is a promising wide compatibility restorer line with good grain quality. Its hybrid rice Shuangyou 4183 (Shuangjiu A/ 4183) was registered in Anhui Province in 2003. However, the line and its hybrid rice are susceptible to bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). R4183 carrying Xa21 was developed to improve bacterial blight resistance of 4183 through introducing the broad-spectrum resistance gene Xa21 by marker-aided selection. R4183 had similar level of bacterial blight resistance to IRBB21, the resistant donor, while maintained the wide compatibility, restoring ability and other good economic traits of the recurrent parent 4183. Critical issues on improvement of bacterial blight resistance of hybrid rice and breeding strategies were also discussed.     

Bacterial Community in Different Populations of Rice Brown Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens （St~l）

The structures of bacterial communities in the brown planthopper （BPH） Nilaparvata lugens （St~l） from different geographic and resistant virulent populations were analyzed by using denatured gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE）. Results showed that the bacterial communities in BPH nymph from the first to the fifth instars varied with nymphal growth and development. The bacterial communities in the first-instar BPH nymph were similar to those in adults. Nine geographic BPH populations were divided into three groups based on the cluster analysis of DGGE fingerprint. The first group was from the Philippines; the second group was from Thailand and Hainan, Yunnan and Zhejiang provinces of China; and the third group was from Vietnam and Guangxi, Hunan and Jiangxi provinces of China. BPH populations adapted to different resistant rice varieties. The BPH populations from Mudgo （with resistant gene Bphl） and ASD7 （with resistant gene bph2） differed with those of the susceptible rice variety TNI.     

Influence of Rice Genotypes on Folding and Spinning Behaviour of Leaffolder （Cnaphalocrocis medinalis） and Its Interaction with Leaf Damage

Folding and spinning behavior of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis （Guenee） （Lepidoptera： Pyralidae） in different categories of rice genotypes viz., resistant, susceptible, hybrid, scented, popular and wild rice genotypes were significantly different. Longer leaf selection time and folding time per primary fold; shorter primary fold and whole leaf fold; lower number of binds per primary fold and whole leaf fold were recorded in resistant and wild rice genotypes. In the correlation analysis, it was found that the leaf folding parameters were positively correlated to leaf folder damage whereas the leaf spinning parameters were negatively correlated. Similarly, the morphological characters differed significantly among the chosen genotypes and were related to leaffolder damage. The leaf width and total productive tiller number were positively correlated to leaffolder infestation. Results also indicated that the trichome density and length, leaf length and plant height might contribute to resistance whereas total number of green leaves had no effect on leaffolder infestation. In the scatter plot analysis between leaf folding and spinning characters and leaffolder damage, the genotypes were separated into four groups viz., resistant （TKM6, Ptb 33, LFR831311, Oryza rhizomatis and O. minuta）, moderately resistant （ASD16 and CORH1）, moderately susceptible （ADT36, Pusa Basmati and CB200290） and susceptible （IR36 and TN1）. The present investigation proved that the leaf morphology viz., leaf length and width, plant height and trichome density and length may play a vital role in resistance against rice leaffolder.     

Susceptibility of Different Populations of Nilaparvata lugens from Major Rice Growing Areas of Karnataka, India to Different Groups of Insecticides

Susceptibility to insecticides was investigated by collecting field populations of brown planthopper from different locations of southern Karnataka,India(Gangavati,Kathalagere,Kollegala,Soraba and Mandya).All the field populations differed in their susceptibility to insecticides.In general,Soraba and Mandya populations were more susceptible to insecticides compared to Gangavati and Kathalagere populations.The resistance ratios varied greatly among the populations viz.,chlorpyriphos(1.13-to 16.82-fold),imidacloprid(0.53-to 13.50-fold),acephate(1.34-to 5.32-fold),fipronil(1.13-to4.06-fold),thiamethoxam(1.01-to 2.19-fold),clothianidin(1.92-to 4.86-fold),dinotefuran(0.82-to 2.22-fold),buprofezin(1.06-to 5.43-fold)and carbofuran(0.41-to 2.17-fold).The populations from Gangavati,Kathalagere and Kollegala exhibited higher resistance to some of the old insecticides and low resistance to new molecules.     

Resistance Evaluation to Sheath Blight in Transgenic Rice Lines

Resistance of forty-one homozygous rice lines transformed with chitinase gene (RC24) and β-1,3 -glucanse gene (β-1,3-Glu) to sheath blight was analyzed by inoculation. Among different lines, the resistance had significant differences according to the result by cluster analysis. The lines could be categorized into resistant, moderately resistant, moderately susceptible and susceptible types, while 92.1% of which belonging to moderately resistant or moderately susceptible type. For different resistant or susceptible lines, the resistance to rice sheath blight was remarkable correlated with the chitinase activity of transgenic lines except resistant type lines, in which enzyme activity coded by target gene was lower than moderately resistant type. The chitinase activity of transgenic lines tested at different time after inoculation or different organs of the same plant was uniform, which suggested that the expression of chitinase gene was constitutive in nature. Check varieties‘ chitinase activity would change at different time after inoculation and reach a peak at sometime, but it had no difference at various parts of the same plant.     

二化螟对氟虫腈抗性初探

 采用点滴测定法，于2001~2004年对江、浙、皖3省12个县市的二化螟进行了氟虫腈的抗性调查。江苏及安徽等地二化螟对氟虫腈仍处于敏感状态，但江苏无锡和浙江慈溪二化螟的敏感性明显下降（抗性倍数RR分别为3.1和3.6倍），浙江苍南二化螟已出现中等水平的抗性（RR为21.2倍）。由此认为，二化螟目前仍处于对氟虫腈抗性发展的早期阶段。解毒酶抑制剂的活体增效实验发现，TPP、DEM能明显提高氟虫腈对抗性二化螟的毒力（增效比SR分别为1.8和1.6），但PBO在敏感性和抗性二化螟中的增效作用均不显著（SR为1.1~1.2）。表明酯酶和谷胱甘肽转移酶与二化螟对氟虫腈抗性的形成有一定关系。不同杀虫剂的比较毒力测定表明，三唑磷和敌百虫由于产生了抗性，对二化螟的毒力很低，乙酰甲胺磷本身对二化螟的毒力也不高，已很难再用来防治抗性二化螟。但哒嗪硫磷、二嗪磷、溴氰菊酯和阿维菌素对二化螟的毒力较高，而且尚没有明显的抗性产生，在二化螟抗性治理中，可以用作氟虫腈的轮换防治药剂。     

灰飞虱对氟虫腈抗性风险评估、遗传分析及杀虫剂敏感性研究

 在室内采用稻茎浸渍法进行了灰飞虱对氟虫腈抗性风险评估、抗性遗传分析和杀虫剂的敏感性研究。于2005年采自无锡麦田的灰飞虱种群在室内饲养43代期间用氟虫腈筛选了41代,结果此灰飞虱种群的抗性从8.4倍上升到2305倍。根据Tabashnik介绍的方法计算,现实遗传力(h2)分别为0.0388(1~31代)、0.2636(32~43代)和0.1113(1~43代), 表明灰飞虱对氟虫腈具有一定的抗性风险。采用稻茎浸渍法测定了2007-2008年江苏无锡和浙江长兴两地灰飞虱种群对15种杀虫剂的敏感性, 结果表明,苯基吡唑类杀虫剂氟虫腈、丁烯氟虫腈和乙虫腈的毒力最高(LC50=0.2~1.7 mg/L),其次为烯啶虫胺、噻虫嗪、毒死蜱、吡蚜酮(LC50=1.7~9.7 mg/L),其余杀虫剂的毒力较低;按照年度间敏感性变化,发现2008年无锡灰飞虱种群对氟虫腈和乙虫腈的敏感性比2007年降低了1.1倍。近年来氟虫腈已广泛用于防治这种害虫,但乙虫腈几乎没有使用。因此,对氟虫腈敏感性降低的大田灰飞虱种群似乎对乙虫腈存在交互抗性。通过抗(R)、感(S)亲本、正反交(F1、 F1′)、自交(F2)及回交(BC)后代对氟虫腈的剂量反应研究了灰飞虱对氟虫腈的抗性遗传特性,结果表明,其抗性为常染色体的不完全显性遗传\[D(F1)=0.20, D(F1′)=0.38\],抗性由2个或2个以上等位基因控制。还对灰飞虱的抗性治理进行了讨论。     

灰飞虱对几类杀虫剂的抗性和敏感性

采用点滴法和稻茎浸渍法分别测定了2006年4月采自江苏省无锡市和浙江省湖州市灰飞虱种群对9种杀虫剂的抗性及17种杀虫剂的敏感性。点滴法测定结果表明,无锡种群和湖州种群对吡虫啉均产生了高水平抗性,抗性倍数分别为79.6倍和44.6倍;对残杀威的抗性倍数分别为76.6倍和40.1倍,属高水平抗性;对甲萘威的抗性倍数分别为29.8倍和45.3倍,属中等-高水平抗性;对二嗪磷、杀螟硫磷、仲丁威、丁硫克百威、醚菊酯、氰戊菊酯的抗性倍数为1.4~8.1倍,属敏感-低水平抗性。毒力测定结果表明氟虫腈、丁烯氟虫腈对无锡和湖州灰飞虱3龄若虫的毒力最高,LC50值为0.21~041 mg/L;噻虫嗪、烯啶虫胺、毒死蜱、吡蚜酮、异丙威、敌敌畏为田间药效试验的推荐用药。还讨论了灰飞虱抗药性的治理。     

长江流域稻区二化螟抗药性监测

2008-2009年期间,采用毛细管点滴法测定了浙、苏、皖、湘、鄂、川、豫等7省17个种群二化螟4龄幼虫对常用杀虫剂的抗性,结果表明:长江流域稻区二化螟对杀虫剂的抗性分布存在明显的区域性。高抗区浙江南部的苍南、瑞安、江山二化螟种群对20世纪70-90年代广泛使用的沙蚕毒素类的杀虫单(抗性倍数43.2～177.0倍)和有机磷类的三唑磷(238.7～728.1倍)、毒死蜱(31.7～57.8倍)均产生了高-极高水平抗性,且对近年来开始广泛使用的氟虫腈(11.2～24.7倍)和阿维菌素(5.9～7.1倍)也产生了中等或低水平抗性;中抗区的安徽庐江、湖南攸县、江苏高淳种群对三唑磷产生极高水平抗性(203.2～379.0倍),对杀虫单(18.3～48.8倍)和毒死蜱(29.8倍)产生了中等-高水平抗性,对氟虫腈(4.4倍)和阿维菌素(4.1～4.7倍)为敏感性降低;低抗区除江苏仪征种群对毒死蜱(45.2倍)、安徽和县种群对三唑磷(50.0倍)开始产生高水平抗性外,对其他杀虫剂为敏感-中等水平抗性,对氟虫腈和阿维菌素为敏感;敏感区的河南信阳、江苏连云港、四川武胜种群除对个别杀虫剂(如杀虫单)为低水平抗性外,对其他大多数杀虫剂为敏感-敏感性降低。还讨论了按抗性分布的区域性来制定相应的抗性治理方案。     

防治稻纵卷叶螟高毒农药替代药剂的室内筛选

 为筛选高毒农药替代药剂,采用Potter喷雾法测定了8类29种杀虫剂对广西南宁和江苏南京稻纵卷叶螟3龄幼虫的室内毒力。这8类杀虫剂的毒力顺序为：抗生素类杀虫剂≥苯基吡唑类杀虫剂≥噁二嗪类杀虫剂≥昆虫生长调节剂类杀虫剂≥有机磷酸酯类杀虫剂、拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂≥有机氯类杀虫剂≥沙蚕毒素类杀虫剂。甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐（甲维盐）对两地区稻纵卷叶螟3龄幼虫的触杀毒力最高,其LC50值介于0.2~0.8 mg/L;氟虫腈、茚虫威、呋喃虫酰肼、丁烯氟虫腈、虫酰肼、氟啶脲和氟铃脲的LC50值介于1.8~53 mg/L。推荐对稻纵卷叶螟毒力最高的10种新型杀虫剂（甲维盐、依维菌素、阿维菌素、氟虫腈、茚虫威、呋喃虫酰肼、丁烯氟虫腈、虫酰肼、氟啶脲、氟铃脲）和一些有机磷杀虫剂（喹硫磷、辛硫磷、丙溴磷、毒死蜱、哒嗪硫磷）作为高毒农药替代的候选药剂进行大田药效试验。此外,还讨论了稻纵卷叶螟的药剂防治措施。     

二化螟抗药性监测和对三唑磷抗性的遗传分析

采用点滴法测定了2001~2002年浙、苏、皖、赣等4省水稻二化螟4龄幼虫对氟虫腈、阿维菌素、三唑磷及杀虫单等的抗性;用三唑磷高抗种群经室内筛选纯化后与室内敏感种群进行正反交、回交,对三唑磷抗性进行了初步遗传分析。结果表明：(1) 通过对4省7个种群的检测,发现浙江瑞安种群对氟虫腈有低水平抗性（抗性倍数为6.5倍）,其他种群虽存在敏感度差异（1.0~1.6倍）,但均属敏感范围;(2) 浙、苏、皖三省6个不同种群对阿维菌素的敏感度变化小于2.3倍,未检测到明显抗药性;(3) 4省10个种群对三唑磷敏感度变化很大（LD50值为有效成分0.0052~1.0114 μg/头）,其中瑞安种群具有高水平抗性（163.1倍）,温州种群为中等水平抗性（18.2倍）,常熟、锡山和金坛3种群为低水平抗性（6.7~9.7倍）,新洋农场、楚州、连云港、宜丰和太湖5种群为敏感（0.8~2.9倍）;(4) 4省9个种群对杀虫单均有不同程度抗药性,瑞安和宜丰种群达高水平抗性（113.7和57.6倍）,温州、常熟、金坛和太湖4种群为中等水平抗性（11.0~29.7倍）,新洋农场和锡山种群为低水平抗性（6.7和7.5倍）,灌云种群抗性最低,为3.7倍;(5)瑞安种群对三唑磷抗性属单个主基因控制的不完全显性性状,但不排除微效修饰基因的存在。     

防治褐飞虱的高毒农药替代药剂的室内筛选及交互抗性研究

为了筛选防治褐飞虱的高毒农药的替代药剂,于2005-2006年, 采用稻茎浸渍法测定了6类20余种杀虫剂对广西南宁、桂林,湖南常德和江苏南京褐飞虱种群的室内毒力。结果表明,噻嗪酮、氟虫腈、噻虫嗪、烯啶虫胺、毒死蜱、异丙威、猛杀威、丁硫克百威等8种药剂对褐飞虱具有较高的毒力,可作为替代高毒药剂的候选品种。采用稻茎浸渍法对1个室内褐飞虱种群用吡虫啉筛选23代后,褐飞虱对吡虫啉的抗性从筛选前的200.1倍上升至筛选后的1298.5倍（上升了5.5倍）;高抗吡虫啉的褐飞虱种群对氯噻啉、噻虫啉和啶虫脒表现出明显的交互抗性,而对呋虫胺、噻虫嗪和烯啶虫胺则无明显的交互抗性。 还讨论了褐飞虱的抗性治理策略。     

防治水稻二化螟的高毒农药替代药剂的室内筛选

为了筛选防治水稻二化螟的高毒农药替代药剂,采用点滴法测定了7类32种药剂对不同水稻生态区二化螟种群的室内毒力。基于这些毒力数据,推荐对二化螟毒力较高的7种新型农药（氟虫腈、阿维菌素、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、虫酰肼、呋喃虫酰肼、氟铃脲和氟啶脲）和一些中低毒性的有机磷品种（如辛硫磷、喹硫磷、毒死蜱和哒嗪硫磷）作为大田药效试验的候选替代药剂。评估了田间二化螟对10种拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的敏感性,发现7种对鱼高毒的拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂（高效氟氯氰菊酯、λ 高效氯氟氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、顺式氯氰菊酯、甲氰菊酯和S 氰戊菊酯）对二化螟的毒力高于大多数有机磷类农药。虽然我国禁止上述菊酯类杀虫剂在水稻上使用,但是浙江瑞安田间种群（RA05）已对高效氟氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯和λ 高效氯氟氰菊酯等产生高水平抗性（抗性倍数分别为166.7、51.9、41.3和36.8倍）。对鱼低毒的3种菊酯类农药（乙氰菊酯、醚菊酯和氟硅菊酯）对抗性二化螟（RA05）的毒力高于三唑磷。因此,可考虑将这些对鱼低毒的菊酯类农药作为防治水稻二化螟的高毒农药的替代药剂和抗性治理的轮换品种。     

褐飞虱对噻嗪酮的抗药性监测

1996-2007年间采用稻茎浸渍法测定了我国8省(区)27个褐飞虱种群对噻嗪酮的敏感性。 在1996-2002年间, 江苏\[江浦(JPZY)、仪征(YZZY)和南通(NTZY)\]、安徽\[安庆(AQNS)\]、广西\[南宁(GXNY)和桂林(GLNS)\]褐飞虱种群对噻嗪酮均为敏感至敏感性下降 (抗性倍数为0.3~3.5倍)。 在2005-2007年间,监测到江苏 \[江浦(JPZY), 2005年\]和海南\[陵水(HNLS),2007年\]褐飞虱种群对噻嗪酮达中等水平抗性(抗性倍数分别为28.8倍和19.4倍);其余种群如广西\[南宁(GXNY)和桂林(GLNS)\]、湖南\[常德(CDTY)\]、浙江\[余姚(YYLJ)\]、江西\[新建(XJSM)\]、安徽\[和县(HXLY)、潜山(QSMC)\]及江苏\[南通(NTZY)\]等地褐飞虱种群对噻嗪酮为低水平抗性(抗性倍数为5.6~9.1倍);而江西\[上高(SGMS)\]、浙江\[兰溪(LXYC)\]和湖北\[孝感(XGXC)\]3个褐飞虱种群对噻嗪酮仍为敏感至敏感性下降(抗性倍数2.5~4.1倍)。室内饲养22代,用噻嗪酮对1996年采自安徽\[安庆(AQNS)\]的褐飞虱间断筛选13代,它的LC50下降了30%,筛选前后抗性水平没有明显差异;随后连续筛选15代,抗性倍数达1157.7倍。上述结果表明,褐飞虱对噻嗪酮已产生低到中等水平抗性,如果连续单一使用噻嗪酮,褐飞虱将具有产生高水平抗性的风险。此外,还对褐飞虱的抗性治理进行了讨论。     

取食香根草后水稻螟虫对杀虫剂敏感度变化

【目的】香根草能有效诱集水稻螟虫产卵,且孵化的幼虫取食香根草一定时间后死亡,可用于水稻螟虫的田间防控。但田间防治往往是多种防治措施相结合。为了研究取食香根草后的幼虫对常用杀虫剂的敏感度,【方法】利用稻苗浸渍法测定了茚虫威、氯虫苯甲酰胺、多杀菌素、甲氨基阿维菌素、氟虫胺、氰氟虫腙、阿维菌素、毒死蜱8种常用杀虫剂对水稻大螟和二化螟的毒力作用,以及取食香根草后螟虫对这些药剂的敏感度变化。【结果】8种杀虫剂(氰氟虫腙,甲氨基阿维菌素,氯虫苯甲酰胺,氟虫胺,多杀菌素,阿维菌素,茚虫威,毒死蜱)对大螟的LC₅₀依次为1.04,1.40,2.67,3.48,7.59,13.03,16.57,23.28 mg/L;对二化螟的LC₅₀依次为1.94,2.07,4.20,8.93,9.72,17.63,9.51,64.68mg/L。与取食水稻的螟虫比较,香根草饲喂3d后,大螟幼虫对8种药剂的敏感性均有所提高,致死率提高13.3～22.2个百分点,其中,对氯虫苯甲酰胺、多杀菌素、氟虫胺、氰氟虫腙、毒死蜱的敏感度显著提高;而香根草饲喂后的二化螟幼虫对所有测定药剂敏感度均显著提高,致死率提高26.7～33.3个百分点。二化螟幼虫对所有测定药剂敏感度升高更为明显。【结论】初步明确了水稻螟虫取食香根草后对杀虫剂的敏感度有不同程度提高。