利用SSR标记和产量对27份玉米自交系进行杂种优势群划分

利用SSR标记技术对23份玉米自交系和4个测验种进行杂优类群研究。从117对引物中筛选出77对扩增带谱清晰且具有多态性的SSR引物,在供试材料中检测到398个等位基因变异,计算27个自交系间的遗传距离(GD)在0.107 4～0.438 0,平均0.288 0。分析GD和产量发现,GD大于0.310 0的组合具有明显产量优势,GD小于0.288 0组合的产量优势较弱;根据分子聚群并结合产量和系谱来源分析,将27份自交系划分为3个杂种优势群A群、B群和C群。     

利用SSR标记研究85个玉米自交系的遗传多样性

利用均匀分布在玉米基因组上的70对SSR引物研究了73个国内外早熟类群玉米自交系、6份CIMMYT标准测验种和6份国内标准测验种的遗传多样性。研究结果表明，70对引物在供试材料中共检测出286个等位基因变异，每对引物检测出2～8个等位基因，平均4.1个。每个位点的多态性信息量(PIC)变化为0.18～0.81，平均为0.58。85个自交系之间的遗传相似系数变化范围在0.43～0.93之间，平均为0.66。UPGMA聚类分析表明，85份供试自交系划分为6个亚群合并后为A、B两大类群，主坐标分析结果与聚类分析结果相似，均与自交系系谱来源关系基本一致。外来种质和未知自交系被划分到相应的杂种优势类群。     

利用SSR标记划分广西骨干玉米自交系的杂种优势群

利用SSR标记对广西骨干玉米自交系进行遗传多样性分析和杂种优势类群划分,60对标准引物在33份供试材料中共检测出233个等位基因,平均多态性信息量为0.77,自交系间平均遗传相似系数为0.49。研究结果表明,这些自交系来源广泛,且具有较好的遗传基础。按照UPGMA方法进行聚类分析,可以将33份玉米自交系分为Ⅰ和Ⅱ两个类群,Ⅰ类群可进一步划分为4个亚群。杂种优势模式可被简化为"A×B"模式,A群包括Ⅰ-Ⅰ亚群、Ⅰ-Ⅱ亚群和Ⅰ-Ⅲ亚群自交系,B群包括Ⅰ-Ⅳ亚群和第Ⅱ类群自交系。     

用SSR标记划分云南糯玉米地方品种资源遗传类群的研究

利用SSR标记对37个云南糯玉米地方品种遗传多样性和遗传关系进行研究,和5个国内主要自交系进行优势群的划分。结果表明:从国内外所用的63对核心引物中筛选出PIC值高、稳定的20对玉米核心SSR引物扩增出225个等位基因,平均多态信息量PIC值为0.87、标记索引系数MI值9.91、Shannon多样性指数I为0.54;37个云南糯玉米地方品种可划分为5大类群13个小类群;少数的云南糯玉米种质资源与常见的5大杂种优势群的遗传距离较近,而大多数资源则较远,可形成多个单独的类群,云南糯玉米地方种质资源具有广泛的遗传基础;来自不同地区或来自同一地区不同云南糯玉米资源与5大优势群之间的遗传相似度均有很大差异。     

SSR分子标记在玉米杂种优势群划分中的应用

利用SSR标记研究了20个玉米自交系的遗传变异,初步进行了杂种优势群划分,从85对SSR引物中筛选出70对扩增产物具有稳定多态性的引物.70对引物在供试材料中共检测出270个等位基因变异,每对引物检测到等位基因2～6个,平均3.86个,多态性信息含量变化范围为0.26～0.80,平均多态性信息量为0.59.20个自交系之间的遗传相似系数变化范围为0.5946～0.7711,平均为0.6601.UPGMA聚类分析结果表明,供试自交系可分为5群,分类结果与系谱基本一致,划群后群间平均距离大于群内平均距离,群间平均产量大于群内平均产量.SSR标记可以进行玉米自交系遗传变异分析,并用于杂种优势群的划分。     

利用SSR标记分析35份糯玉米种质的遗传多样性

以引进的35个糯玉米自交系和5个我国普通玉米杂种优势群的标准检验种为供试材料,利用SSR标记分析他们的遗传多样性和亲缘关系.结果表明,30对SSR引物共检测到140个等位基因变异,每对引物的等位变异数为2～8个,平均为4.67个;SSR标记的多态性信息量在0.198 6～0.794 7之间,平均为0.584 0;材料间的遗传距离在0～0.923 1之间,平均值为0.645 3.40份材料可以分为4个类群,与可追踪的系谱信息基本一致.     

北美温带玉米杂交种选系的遗传多样性研究

利用SSR标记对北美温带玉米杂交种选育的24个自交系和我国生产应用的10类骨干代表系进行遗传多样性评价。结果表明,54对SSR引物在48份玉米自交系间共检测到290个等位基因变异,每对引物检测出3~9个等位基因,平均为5.4个。每个位点的多态性信息量(PIC)变化于0.29~0.86之间,平均为0.70。标记索引系数(MI)变化范围0.86~7.45,平均为3.86。供试北美温带选系和其他类群的玉米种质均具有较丰富的遗传多样性。3个杂交种选系的遗传相似系数中3号选系最小(0.776),说明3号较其余两个杂交种选系的遗传差异大。根据SSR标记聚类分析、主坐标分析和遗传进化分析结果表明,北美温带选系和其他种质的48份玉米自交系划分为6大类群,分类结果与系谱来源基本一致。     

利用SSR标记分析高油玉米与普通玉米自交系间的遗传关系

利用120对SSR引物分析10个高油玉米自交系及其与21个属于不同优势类群普通玉米自交系间的遗传关系,并初步进行了种质类群划分。结果表明,供试自交系共检测到429个等位基因变异,平均每个位点的等位基因数为3.56个,多态性信息量为0.12～0.85;遗传距离为0.10～0.72,平均为0.57。聚类结果表明,两类自交系间遗传差异明显;高油玉米自交系与各普通玉米自交系以及不同优势类群普通玉米自交系间均存在较大遗传差异;普通玉米自交系聚类结果与生产上利用高优势杂交种的组配效果相吻合,高杂种优势组合的双亲自交系均属于不同类群,而在同一类群自交系间尚未组配出具有高杂种优势的组合。     

我国北方部分玉米自交系的遗传多样性分析

利用SSR分子标记技术,分析我国北方部分玉米自交系的遗传多样性。从79对SSR核心引物目录中,选出43对引物对52份玉米自交系进行遗传多样性研究,共检测到174个等位基因位点,每对引物检测到2～8个等位基因,平均每个位点的等位基因数4.35个,平均多态性信息量为0.593。UPGMA聚类分析结果表明,52份自交系划分为兰卡斯特群、瑞德群、旅大红骨群、塘四平头群和综合种群5个类群。生产上主要推广杂交种的亲本大多来自不同的类群。     

基于SNP标记的玉米自交系遗传多样性分析

以陕A、B群体培育的23份玉米自交系和8个骨干玉米自交系为材料,利用2 846个高质量SNP标记,进行群体遗传结构、遗传多样性和类群间遗传关系分析。结果表明,陕A群体选系的多态性位点2 482个,陕B群体选系的多态性位点2 490个,说明陕A、B群自交系间遗传基础广泛。通过PCA分析,陕A、B群体培育的23份玉米自交系可分为2个部分,陕A群选育的自交系更接近于丹340、郑58、掖478、PH6WC,可归为一类杂种优势群;陕B群选育的自交系更接近于Mo17、黄早四、昌7、PH4CV,可归为另一类杂种优势群。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.