四川攀西地区芒果病虫害调查研究

2010～2013年对四川攀西地区芒果病虫害进行调查,结果为：病害46种,害虫共33种,分属8目20科,发现国内未见报道的芒果新害虫榕母管蓟马。分析阐述主要病虫害炭疽病、白粉病、畸形病(丛芽病)、细菌性黑斑病、幼果果肉生理性褐变黑果病、主干裂皮病、低温、蓟马、桔小实蝇、叶瘿蚊、介壳虫的危害情况;当前严重威胁攀西芒果产业发展的危险性病害为芒果畸形病(又称丛芽病)、芒果猝死病(又称速死病)和芒果果实象甲。编写“攀西地区芒果病虫害名录”,并提出防控策略。     

杧果疮痂病的症状、病原与防治

疮痂病是近几年在我国部分杧果产区危害杧果的主要病害之一。通过描述杧果疮痂病症状特点、病原菌形态特征和病害发生规律，提出防治措施建议。     

电子鼻在芒果采后病原菌种类判别中的应用研究

利用电子鼻对胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.)、可可球二孢(Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.)、芒果小穴壳(Dothiorella dominicana Pet.et Cif.)和芒果拟茎点霉(Phomopsis mangiferae Ahmad.)4种芒果采后病害病原菌发酵液的挥发性气味进行检测,以评估电子鼻用于芒果不同真菌病原菌种类判别的可行性。结果表明,对气味响应值进行的主成分分析(PCA)、线性判别分析(LDA)及聚类分析均能够正确区分不同病原菌种类。多因素方差分析(MANOVA)结果显示,不同病原菌之间的差异显著(p0.05)。结果为芒果采后病原菌种类判别提供新的方法,为其他病原菌的种类判别提供参考。     

食品添加剂对芒果采后病原菌及保鲜效果的影响

研究18种食品添加剂对芒果采后病害的影响及对芒果的保鲜效果。结果表明: 供试的食品添加剂对5种芒果采后病害病菌的毒力存在极显著差异,邻苯基苯酚钠对5种病原菌的平均EC50值和平均EC90值均最小,分别为14.05 、49.06 μg/mL,其次是阿魏酸和脱氢乙酸钠;脱氢乙酸钠对炭疽病和蒂腐病的防效最好,防治效果分别达到83.52％和59.32％,其次是阿魏酸和肉桂醛;阿魏酸处理的果实贮藏时间最长,平均贮藏时间达15.51 d,其次是脱氢乙酸钠和甘草抗氧化剂,而毒力最大的邻苯基苯酚钠易伤果。综合分析,脱氢乙酸钠、阿魏酸和肉桂醛等食品添加剂适用于芒果的采后保鲜处理。     

亚麻细菌病发生及防治技术研究

从亚麻细菌病的发生、发展、危害及病原菌特性到病害综合防治,进行了系统研究,明确了该病的发生与品种抗性、耕作栽培等诸方面的关系,为病害防治提供了理论依据;明确了种子带菌是该病害主要侵染源和传播途径,同时建立综合防病体系.     

荜茇提取物对芒果病原菌的抑制活性以及采后病害的防治效果

测定了荜茇4种萃取物和5种化学组分对芒果采后病原菌的抑制活性以及对采后病害的防治效果。结果表明：采用氯仿对荜茇乙醇提取物进行萃取,能够获得较多的抑菌活性物质;荜茇的化学组分荜茇碱对芒果采后病原菌离体杀菌活性最好;荜茇碱对采后病害的平均防效达到91.13%,其次是四氢胡椒酸、谷甾醇的防效也超过70%;荜茇碱处理对芒果采后后熟品质无影响,并且可以延长贮藏期。     

亚麻派斯莫病发生特点及防治技术研究

从亚麻派斯莫病的发生、发展、危害及病原菌侵染规律到病害综合防治,进行了系统研究,明确了该病的发生与品种抗性、耕作栽培及气象因素等诸方面的关系,为病害防治提供了理论依据;明确了种子带菌是该病害主要侵染源和传播途径,同时建立综合防病体系.     

芒果主要病虫害及防冶

芒果的主要病害有炭疽病、白粉病、细菌黑斑病等,主要虫害有扁喙叶蝉、横线尾夜蛾、叶瘿蛟等。做好芒果病害和虫害等方面的防治工作尤为重要。阐述了芒果的主要病害、虫害及其相应的防治方法,为提高芒果的产量和质量奠定基础。     

福建省西番莲茎基腐病调查研究报告

本文报告三年来(1988～90年)对福建省西番莲茎基腐病的研究状况,通过对该病在福建省各产区发生及危害的调查,采集病害标本进行病原菌分离鉴定及其致病性测定,确认福建省西番莲茎基腐病致病菌为Fusarium solani,主要由伤口侵入危害植株,最适发病条件是高温、高湿,病原菌以厚垣孢子形态存活于土壤或病残体越冬,作为侵染来源.调查后认为,高温、高湿季节.加上不良立地环境条件、不适的栽培管理措施及种植感病品种是病害发生的主要因子.本文还提出防治措施.     

芒果炭疽病流行过程,流行成因分析及施药指标预报研究

研究结果表明,芒果炭疽病在流行过程中,流行速度有多次升降;流行曲线属多峰曲线。每次流行速度上升过程主要是按照逻辑斯蒂生长模型的规律发展,但其指数增长期不明显。当前推广的品种都较感病,感病期长,菌源多,这些都已满足病害流行之需要。病害流行强度主要决定于芒果感病期间的气候条件。温暖高湿,连续降雨,则病害迅速发展造成流行。据此建立了施药预测指标,经３ａ应用,可减少２次喷药,并获得较好的防治效果。     

Phytophthora blight of Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]: An updating review of biology, pathogenicity and disease management

Phytophthora blight (PB), caused by Phytophthora drechsleri f. sp. cajani, is reoccurring as an economically important disease of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), especially when excessive rains fall within a short span of time and hot and humid weather persists during the crop season. A few years after the initial reviews of Kannaiyan et al. (1984), the disease was coming to halt. Despite earlier investigations on pathological and physiological characteristics of P. drechsleri f. sp. cajani, the nature of infection process and genetic basis of pathogen variability have not been clearly established. Therefore, information on the biology and survival of the pathogen is needed to devise effective management strategies. Attempts have been made to develop green-house and field screening techniques since three decades ago for identification of host plant resistance. However, only few pigeonpea germplasm and breeding lines belonging to cultivated and wild Cajanus spp. were found tolerant to PB. The recent frequent recurrence of PB epidemics in the major pigeonpea growing areas prioritized the search for higher levels of disease resistance. There is a need to study the biology of the pathogen, epidemiology of the disease and refinement of the resistance screening techniques and develop integrated disease management technology for the disease. In this review, the symptomatology of the disease, biology of pathogen including its variability, epidemiology, sources of resistance, other management options and available information on biochemical and genetic basis of disease resistance have been updated and discussed with the identification of future research priorities.     

甘蔗赤条病及其病原生物学研究进展

甘蔗赤条病(Sugarcane red stripe disease)是甘蔗主要细菌性病害之一,在世界范围内普遍发生,严重影响甘蔗产量和品质,对蔗糖产业发展构成严重威胁。该病致病菌为燕麦食酸菌燕麦亚种(Acidovorax avenae subsp.avenae,Aaa)。本文从甘蔗赤条病的分布与为害、传播与流行规律以及致病菌的生物学基本特征、基因组特性、分类地位、鉴定与检测、遗传变异和致病机理等方面内容做了综述,并对该病害的综合防控措施和今后的研究重点内容作了分析和探讨。     

Review: Powdery Scab of Potato—Increased Knowledge of Pathogen Biology and Disease Epidemiology for Effective Disease Management

The importance of the potato tuber disease powdery scab, caused by the zoosporic pathogen Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea, has increased worldwide, and the disease is one of the most important problems facing potato production in some regions. This soilborne pathogen produces many resting spores which can remain dormant for long periods, are highly resistant to environmental stresses and can spread the disease on seed potatoes and in contaminated soil. The enigmatic nature of this organism exacerbates the development of effective powdery scab control methods. Substantial knowledge has been gained in the last decade on the biology of the pathogen and the epidemiology of the disease, but no single effective control measure is, or is likely to be, available. An integrated approach to powdery scab management is the aim, with host resistance as a substantial and sustainable component. Further research on the epidemiology of powdery scab and population genetics of the pathogen is urgently required. All stakeholders involved in the potato industry must become aware that solution of the powdery scab problem is likely to be a long-term goal. When resistant cultivars with all the other characteristics demanded for marketing high-quality potatoes are available, and when disease risk from the pathogen on seed and/or in soil can be accurately determined, then the mission to develop effective powdery scab control will become achievable.     

Exploiting Knowledge of Pathogen Effectors to Enhance Late Blight Resistance in Potato

Late blight disease of potato, caused by Phytophthora infestans, is the most serious disease of this crop on a global scale and is thus a threat to food security. Use of resistant potato cultivars to prevent late blight does not have a very successful history, as P. infestans genotypes have overcome the deployed resistances. Thus, there is a need to identify more durable resistances, or identify and develop novel forms of resistance that exploit vulnerabilities in the biology of P. infestans. Application of molecular biology tools in P. infestans research has recently culminated in the identification of several avirulence effectors matching specific resistances in potato, the sequencing of the P. infestans genome and identification of hundreds of candidate translocated pathogen ‘RXLR’ effector proteins that may promote disease progression. Strategies for prioritising these effectors for further research are revealing those that are highly expressed during infection, difficult for the pathogen to alter rapidly, essential for P. infestans pathogenesis and recognized by resistant accessions of Solanum spp. These effector characteristics are being used to identify and characterise resistances from Solanum germplasm that may prove more durable. In addition to RXLR effectors, P. infestans also produces a broad spectrum of additional secreted proteins. These are exposed to plant cells and may potentially act to trigger resistance, either as broad spectrum pathogen-associated molecular patterns or as specific effectors of resistance. Alternatively, conserved secreted proteins may be attractive targets for novel agrichemical development. We have silenced a diverse selection of these candidate secreted proteins in P. infestans and demonstrated their effects on late blight disease development. Results from these studies are aiding a deeper understanding of P. infestans disease development and identifying potential pathogen weaknesses for exploitation in future control measures.     

枸树干基腐朽病病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性研究

2018年12月在海南省儋州市的枸树活立木上发现一种由灵芝属真菌引起的干基腐朽病,从病树上采集新鲜的担子果,组织分离法分离病原菌,对其进行科赫氏法则验证,明确该菌为致病菌。采用ITS-SSU-LSU多基因联合构建系统发育树,通过形态学特征及分子生物学鉴定为南方灵芝[Ganoderma australe (Fr.) Pat.],生物学特性测定结果表明该病原菌在温度条件为25~32 ℃范围内生长较好,最适温度为28 ℃,适宜生长pH为4~7,最适pH为6,在CA、PDA、PSA培养基上生长状态较好,最适培养基为PDA培养基,光照对病原菌菌丝的生长有抑制作用。     

中国大豆锈病研究

1899年在中国吉林首次报道了由豆薯层锈菌(Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd)引起的大豆锈病.20世纪60年代大豆锈病成为热带、亚热带地区大豆生产中最严重的病害.中国于20世纪70年代开始了较为系统的研究,本篇综述介绍了中国在大豆锈病的病原菌分布及其寄主、产量损失,病害流行、病原生活周期、病原与寄主的互作、抗锈资源鉴定、抗锈遗传、抗锈育种和综合防治等方面的研究进展.     

甘蔗褐条病病原菌分离鉴定及其室内毒力的测定

针对海南省不同植蔗区甘蔗褐条病的典型病斑进行分离培养、单孢纯化、形态学观察、致病性检测以及结合r DNA-ITS序列分析鉴定病原菌。分离到的5株病原菌,经回接实验表明,病原菌HT-4致病性最强,能引起与田间病害一致的症状,将菌株HT-4的r DNA-ITS序列在NCBI上进行BLAST比对。结果表明:菌株HT-4与离蠕孢属(Bipolaris)相似性达到99%,结合形态学分析确定该菌是甘蔗褐条病的病原菌。室内毒力实验表明:在7种供试药剂中,50%咪鲜胺锰盐和10%苯醚甲环唑对病原菌抑制效果最好,EC50值分别为4.400 6 mg/L和9.421 1 mg/L。结果为甘蔗褐条病的防控提供科学参考。     

海南桑树青枯病病原菌鉴定及其分子鉴定

桑树青枯病是由青枯雷尔氏菌引起的细菌性病害,热带、亚热带地区发病严重,严重影响蚕桑产业的可持续发展。雷尔氏菌不同种间致病力和宿主各不相同,其防治策略也相应不同,准确地分离鉴定病原菌是青枯病有效防控的先决条件。本研究采集、分离了海南省琼中县桑青枯病发病桑园（‘桂桑优62’）桑树根部、茎部病原菌,并通过致病性、生理小种、生化变种测定,结合16S rDNA、特异性引物、复合PCR检测体系、序列变种等分子鉴定方法初步确定了病原菌的种类和分类地位。结果表明,引发海南省琼中县桑青枯病的病原菌属于青枯雷尔氏菌（Ralstonia solanacearum）、生理小种5（race 5）、生化变种Ⅴ（biovar Ⅴ）,病原菌遗传进化分析结果显示病原菌属演化型Ⅰ（phylotype Ⅰ）即亚洲分支菌株,序列变种12（sequevar 12）。这些结果将为海南桑青枯病的有效防控奠定基础。     

咖啡美洲叶斑病研究综述

综述了咖啡美洲叶斑病的历史、寄主、病害症状、病原菌形态特征、培养性状、生物学特性、病害流行规律和防治方法。     

玉米丝黑穗病及病菌生理分化研究进展

玉米丝黑穗病是玉米生产上的一种主要病害,从玉米丝黑穗病的发生与危害、病原菌生物学、抗病性鉴定与育种、防治、病原菌生理分化以及植物病原菌生理分化鉴定技术等方面进行了综述。