福建中部3个野生蕉自然居群基于NTSYS和STRUCTURE软件的ISSR分析

为进一步完善福建野生蕉遗传背景研究,对采自福建省三明市和福州市的3个野生蕉自然居群共100份叶片样本进行ISSR分析,并结合NTSYS、STRUCTURE和POPGENE等软件,进行居群遗传结构和遗传多样性分析。结果表明:13条引物共扩增获得175个稳定、清晰的条带,平均扩增条带数为13.5个,扩增产物主要介于200~2 000 bp,其中总的多态性条带为158个,居群总多态性条带百分率为90.3%;通过NTSYS和STRUCTUR软件聚类分析发现,岩前、莘口和赤壁野生蕉共100份样本严格按照地理来源划分为3个大组,3个大组可进一步分别划分为3、3和4个亚组;采用POPGENE进行遗传多样性参数分析发现,野生蕉居群总的变异中,群体内变异大于群体间变异,野生蕉居群内存在丰富的基因交流,3个野生蕉居群总体多样性水平较高,从高到低依次为岩前、莘口和赤壁。说明福建野生蕉居群遗传结构具有相对独立的特点,水和人为因素在野生蕉群体演变过程中具有重要影响。     

山西省西伯利亚远志种质资源的ISSR分析

应用ISSR标记对山西省7个野生居群和1个人工栽培居群共60份西伯利亚远志种质进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明：从100对ISSR引物中共筛选出20条多态性好、条带稳定的引物,60份材料DNA共获得338个扩增位点,其中多态性位点334个,多态性比率为98.82%;有效等位基因数(Ne)、Nei's基因多样性指数(H)及Shannon多样性信息指数(I)分别为1.433 7、0.265 6和0.414 2,居群的遗传相似度在0.655 2～0.977 9,表明8个居群具有丰富的遗传多样性,这与其自身繁殖特点有     

广东地区野生狗牙根遗传多样性的ISSR分析

应用ISSR标记,对广东地区30份野生狗牙根进行遗传多样性研究。从50个ISSR引物中筛选出15个多态性明显、反应稳定的引物,共扩增出151条谱带,平均每个引物能扩增出10.07条带,其中多态性条带总数为142条,多态性条带比率达93.7%。材料间遗传相似系数GS=0.58278～0.92715。基于遗传相似系数,利用UPGMA聚类分析表明,供试材料可聚为4类。POPGENE分析软件结果表明,平均Shannon信息指数I=0.5689,平均Nei's基因多样性h=0.3813,每位点平均有效等位基因数ne=1.6196。     

戴云山野生杨梅自然群体遗传结构的ISSR分析

采集戴云山脉自然群体的41份野生杨梅样品为材料，采用ISSR分子标记结合相关软件进行遗传结构分析。研究结果表明：筛选的13条引物共扩增获得175条DNA条带，其中多态性条带为140条，占扩增总片段的80％，表明戴云山野生杨梅具有较高的遗传多样性水平；STRUCTURE聚类分析（基于模型）将41份野生杨梅划分为6个类群，结合Q值（Inferred ancestry of individuals）分析表明，戴云山脉野生杨梅存在丰富的遗传信息交流。     

茶组植物亲缘关系的ISSR分析

对张宏达系统山茶属茶组植物19个种和变种,应用ISSR标记进行亲缘关系的分析。从100个ISSR引物中,筛选得到11个多态性较好的引物,ISSR反应共得到166条可重复条带,多态性条带有155条,多态位点百分率(PPB)为93.4%,分析揭示茶组植物的Nei氏遗传距离(He)为0.295 1,Shanon多样性指     

78份杧果种质亲缘关系的ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记技术，分析78份杧果种质的遗传多样性。从100条引物中筛选出12条优选引物，共扩增出148条DNA条带，其中多态性带142条，多态性百分率为95.95%。聚类分析结果将78份杧果种质分为5大类。在5大类资源中，大部分种质(87.34%)都聚在第Ⅰ类，表明大部分杧果种质之间亲缘关系较近，供试种质之间能互相区分开来并表现出丰富的遗传多样性。     

割手密种质资源遗传多样性的ISSR分析

为探讨国内割手密种质资源的遗传多样性,本研究采用ISSR分子标记对采自8省的52份割手密种质资源进行了分析。结果表明,22条ISSR引物共扩增出127条条带,其中多态性条带121条,多态率达95.3%。材料间遗传相似系数GS在0.60~0.91之间。UPGMA聚类分析结果表明:在遗传相似系数0.72时52份材料可分为4大类;ISSR分析结果显示,割手密遗传多样性丰富,可以用ISSR对割手密进行分子水平的鉴定和遗传多样性研究。     

橡胶树抗寒种质遗传多样性分析

应用RAPD和ISSR技术对20份橡胶树抗寒种质进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明，16个RAPD引物和12个ISSR引物分别扩增出条带113和101条，多态性条带指数(PPB)分别为61.1%和63.4%。据Nei-Li相似系数，ISSR标记在相似系数约0.74处，可将20份材料分为野生种质和栽培种质两大类；RAPD标记在相似系数约0.70处，也可将供试材料分为野生种质和栽培种质两类，但只有XJ002420为野生种质。对2种标记的分析结果进行相关分析，结果表明，RAPD和ISSR所检测的遗传相似系数呈极显著正相关，相关系数为0.672。以上结论表明，RAPD和ISSR标记可用于橡胶树种质资源的遗传多样性研究，但鉴于ISSR较RAPD有更强的多态性检出能力，ISSR技术应作为遗传多样性研究的首选单引物标记。     

鹤蕉种质资源遗传多样性的AFLP分析

利用荧光标记AFLP技术研究鹤蕉种质遗传多样性及亲缘关系,为合理利用鹤蕉种质资源、培育观赏价值高的鹤蕉新品种提供依据.采用8对E+3和M+3引物组合对52份鹤蕉种质进行总基因组DNA水平上的多态性检测.检测结果共获得1534条可统计的条带.其中1 520条呈多态性,多态性带百分率达99.09%.揭示了鹤蕉种质具有丰富的遗传多样性.聚类分析结果表明,多数鹤蕉种质资源与其花型的大小表现出较为密切的关系;来源相同的种质基本上可聚在一起,反映出品种间的亲缘关系;在相似系数0.56处将52份种质划分为5大类.8组引物在52份供试材料中检测到数目不等的特异带型,这些特异带型对供试鹤蕉种质具有一定的鉴别价值.     

应用ISSR分析亚麻种质资源遗传多样性

从供试材料中筛选到具有多态性的ISSR引物10条,利用这些引物对来自7个国家的48个亚麻品种的遗传多样性进行ISSR分析,共扩增到82条清晰的多态性条带,多态性比率为91.1%。用UPGMA法将48个亚麻品种聚为六大类,聚类结果表明地理位置相近的品种基本聚为一类,本研究结果可以指导亚麻育种亲本选配。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Cytoplasmic substitution inSolanum. II. Tuber characteristics of reciprocal backcross progeny

Summary Recurrent backcrosses (BC) were used to introduce nuclear factors ofS. tuberosum L. ssp.tuberosum into the cytoplasm of Andean potatoesS. tuberosum ssp.andigena (Juz. and Buk.) Hawkes andS. phureja Juz. and Buk. Each generation BC was produced in reciprocal directions to test the effect of cytoplasmic substitution on yield. This report analyses tuber number, tuber weight, and tuber length of BC₂ and BC₃ substitution into ssp.andigena cytoplasm and BC₂ and BC₂ substitutions intoS. phureja cytoplasm. Direction of cross had no consistent significant effect on yield components of ssp.andigena substitution lines. InS. phureja reciprocal progenies direction of cross was responsible for significant differences of some reciprocal sets. When there were significant differences the higher yield usually occurred when ssp.tuberosum was the pistillate parent, but in some progenies when ssp.tuberosum was the pistillate parent the yield was significantly lower than in the reciprocals. It is suggested that differences between reciprocals resulted from chromosomally encoded gene action, resulting from maternal and/or paternal effects, rather than cytoplasmic factors. Authorized for publication as paper No. 7494 in the Journal Series of The Pennsylvania Agriculture Experiment Station.