硝态氮对大豆根瘤性状的影响

选取黑龙江省第三积温带主栽大豆品种黑农35为材料,采用水培方法,在大豆移栽后28、35、42、49 d取样,对根瘤的物理性状(根瘤干重、根瘤数和单个根瘤干重)进行动态分析,研究了硝态氮对大豆根瘤性状的影响.结果表明:从移栽后第28天开始生物固氮处理根瘤数明显增加,而施用硝态氮根瘤数基本不变,硝态氮抑制了大豆根瘤形成,而单个根瘤干重增加较大.从根瘤密度来看,硝态氮降低大豆根瘤在根系上分配密度,在第28天生物固氮处理每个根上结瘤124.84个,而施用硝态氮每个根上结瘤22.84个.     

铵硝配比对大豆生长及结瘤固氮的影响

通过水培方法在5种不同铵硝配比下,研究不同氮形态及接种根瘤菌对大豆生长、结瘤固氮的影响及其生理机制。结果表明,不同铵硝配比对大豆植株生长、产量、生物固氮及氮效率等影响显著,随硝氮比例增加,植株生物量、籽粒产量、结瘤固氮及氮效率等指标均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,以铵硝比25:75处理效果最佳,总体表现为铵硝比25:75≥0:100>50:50>75:25>100:0。较高铵硝比（≥50:50）严重抑制了大豆根系的伸长生长、根瘤的形成及其固氮酶的活性,从而降低了生物固氮的贡献率,最终导致大豆产量及氮素效率的降低。接种根瘤菌显著增加大豆产量和籽粒含氮量,并与铵硝比之间存在协同效应。铵硝比为25:75时接种根瘤菌,氮效率最高,最有利于大豆生长及籽粒产量的形成。研究结果对优化大豆水培营养液配方以及指导农田生产中氮素合理施用均有较强的借鉴作用。     

磷和根瘤菌交互作用对大豆结瘤和生长的影响

为了阐明营养液中磷浓度和不同数量根瘤菌的交互作用对大豆结瘤和生长的影响,在营养液培养条件下,进行3种磷水平[P1-0、P2-4和P3-30(μmol P·I-1)]和3种根瘤菌浓度[RI-102、R2-103.5和R3-105(CFU·mL-1)]处理,培养大豆25 d,测定大豆生物量和根瘤性状指标.结果表明:在相同根瘤菌数量条件下,不同磷浓度对大豆总生物量的影响不大,对根冠比的影响较大营养液中接种的根瘤菌浓度越高,根瘤原基数量越夫,低磷明显抑制根瘤原基发育形成根瘤,进而减少了低磷处理大豆根瘤数量从P1到P3,R1恨瘤菌浓度处理根瘤原基形成根瘤的几率分别为:79%、86%和100%.营养液中磷浓度促进生物量向根瘤中分配,高磷处理相对根瘤生物量较高随着生育进程,大豆各组织器官含磷量逐渐降低,在所有取样时期含磷量均表现为根瘤>根>地上部;含氮量表现为根瘤>地上部>根.可见磷和根瘤菌对大豆生长和结瘤形成有交互作用.     

缺磷胁迫对大豆根瘤生长和结瘤固氮的影响

采用砂培培养方法研究了缺磷胁迫对大豆根瘤生长和结瘤固氮的影响.结果表明:缺磷胁迫抑制了大豆根瘤的生长,表现为根瘤干重重下降,根瘤数量减少;缺磷胁迫显著降低了大豆的固氮能力,表现为根瘤吲氮酶活性和豆血红蛋白含量降低;缺磷胁迫降低了大豆的固氮量,固氮量随磷水平的增加而增加,随着生育时期的推进,固氮量表现为先增加后降低再增加的趋势,无磷(0μmol·L~(-1))与高磷(50 μmo·L~(-1))以及低磷(30μmol·L~(-1))与高磷处理间均达到了5%的显著差异.因此,缺磷胁迫抑制了大豆的结瘤固氮作用,使大豆的同氮效率降低.     

土壤有效磷含量对大豆植株磷素含量和土壤有效N、P、K含量的影响

土壤有效磷含量影响大豆植株对N、P、K的吸收利用,进而影响大豆植株的生长发育和产量形成。以吉育89为材料,在大豆不同生长时期测定大豆植株磷素含量和土壤N、P、K含量,研究其随土壤有效磷含量升高而发生变化的规律。结果表明:在取样的4个时期里,植株磷素含量均随土壤有效磷含量的升高呈单峰曲线变化,在土壤磷素水平为30 mg·kg~(-1)时,植株磷素含量达到最大;5个处理的土壤速效磷含量变化趋势都是先下降,在收获期由于土壤自身的磷素补偿作用而有所升高;在各生育时期的土壤中的硝态氮和速效钾含量最低值都出现在有效磷含量为30 mg·kg~(-1)处理,而土壤速效磷含量为10和50 mg·kg~(-1)两个处理的硝态氮和速效钾含量一直较高,说明低磷和高磷土壤对植株氮素吸收有抑制作用。土壤有效钾含量的变化情况与硝态氮相似,均是随土壤有效磷含量升高而呈单峰曲线变化。说明N、P、K肥的合理配比均能够提高肥料的作用效果。     

大豆结瘤固氮的分子生理研究

有关豆科作物共生固氮的研究已有170 a的历史。而豆科结瘤固氮的分子生理研究,仅仅是最近30 a的事情。从影响大豆结瘤固氮的生理因子角度,评述了豆科作物的结瘤自动调控机制,进一步在分子水平上阐述了生长素、硝态氮、黄酮类等生理调控物质对大豆结瘤固氮的影响。生长素调节根瘤菌侵染位点和根瘤形成后的生长;可通过控制结瘤的角度来减少土壤硝态氮对大豆结瘤固氮能力的抑制;黄酮类物质在根瘤发育和结瘤基因诱导中起重要作用;乙烯抑制结瘤信号的前期过程,调整根瘤形成的空间分布。详细、系统地从作物-微生物之间关系出发,研究引起豆科作物根瘤形成和固氮系统的整体信号传导、蛋白和代谢过程,是未来大豆共生固氮分子生理研究应该注重的方向。     

施氮对结瘤和非结瘤近等位基因大豆生长和固氮性状的影响

以结瘤和非结瘤近等位基因大豆品系为材料,利用砂培方式,分析了不同供氮水平对大豆生长、碳氮代谢、结瘤和固氮的影响.结果表明:供氮水平直接影响大豆生物量,结瘤大豆在N2水平(54 mg尿素·kg-1砂)时生物量达到最大(9.16 g·株-1);非结瘤大豆在N4水平(216 mg尿素·kg-1砂)时生物量达到最大(6.36 g·株-1).植株体内碳氮含量与生物量的变化趋势相同.此外,结瘤品系N2水平大豆根瘤数最多(205个·株-1),极显著高于除N4以外的其它处理(P＜0.01),该水平的共生固氮量最大,为275.92 mg·株-1,且与N3、N4、N5处理间差异极显著(P＜0.01).因此,结瘤和非结瘤大豆对外源氮的需求存在显著差异,该试验条件下的氮阻遏阈值为N2水平,即54 mg尿素·kg-1砂.     

不同形态氮对大豆根瘤生长及固氮的影响

采用框栽的培养方法,通过施用不同形态氮肥,探讨不同形态氮对大豆根瘤生长、含氮量、氮积累量以及固氮酶活性的影响.结果表明:不同形态的氮源,对根瘤干重、数量有促进作用,同时增加了根瘤中的含氮量和氮积累量.根瘤干重及数量的变化均为铵态氮(N2)＞蛋白氮(N4)＞硝态氮(N1)＞氨基酸态氮(N3)＞酰胺态氮(N5)＞生物固氮(N0),其中N0处理的根瘤干重、数量最少,而N2处理的根瘤干重和数量最多.根瘤含氮量的变化为N1＞N4＞N5＞N2＞N3＞N0,其中N1处理下的根瘤中的根瘤含氮量最高,N1、N4和N5各处理与N0处理间差异显著(P＜5%).而氮积累的变化为N2＞N4＞N1＞N5＞N3＞N0,各处理与N0处理相比,差异极显著(P＜1%),与含氮量的变化趋势略有不同.添加不同形态的氮源对根瘤固氮酶活性有抑制作用,其变化趋势为N0＞N5＞N3＞N2＞N4＞N1,N0处理的固氮酶活性最高.     

氮肥与根瘤菌配施对南疆春大豆结瘤和生长的影响

为了探讨最适合南疆地区的氮肥和根瘤菌配施方案,设置3个施氮水平(N0:0 kg·hm-2;N1:90 kg·hm-2;N2:180 kg·hm-2)与3种根瘤菌(SMH12、T6和SN7-2)拌种的田间试验,研究主栽大豆品种新大豆8号结瘤情况、干物质积累及分配、产量及其构成因素对施氮及接种根瘤菌的响应.结果表明:随着施氮量的增加,根瘤数、根瘤干重、干物质积累量及产量均表现为先增加后下降;不施用氮肥不利于大豆生长,供应量过高影响大豆生长代谢、根瘤形成,单施氮肥增产有限,增产幅度为9.41％～14.24％.在相同施氮条件下,接种根瘤菌可使植株各生长指标显著提高,表现为SN7-2＞T6＞SMH12＞CK,施氮配合接种根瘤菌比仅施氮肥增产11.5％～46.3％.N1处理接种SN7-2根瘤菌的效果最佳,产量高达5 115.3 kg·hm-2,比CK增产31.65％,能明显提高大豆根瘤数、根瘤干重以及单株和各器官的干物质积累.施氮配合接种根瘤菌是提高南疆大豆结瘤生长和产量的有效措施.     

淹涝胁迫和氮形态对苗期玉米营养特性的影响

采用砂培培养方法,比较研究两种水分条件和3种供氮形态处理对苗期玉米根、茎鞘、叶生物量干重及其氮、磷、钾含量及分配的影响。结果表明,非淹涝胁迫条件下铵硝态氮混合处理(AN)玉米生物量干重及氮、磷、钾累积量最高;淹涝胁迫条件下铵硝态氮混合处理(ANF)的叶片、总生物量以及硝态氮处理(NF)的根系、叶片和总生物量干重明显降低。淹涝胁迫降低3种氮形态处理叶片氮累积量,明显降低铵硝态氮混合处理和硝态氮处理植株氮、钾累积量,降低磷在铵硝态氮混合处理茎鞘、叶中的分配比例、磷在硝态氮处理根、叶中的分配比例以及钾在铵硝态氮混合处理茎鞘、叶中的分配比例。淹涝胁迫下铵态氮处理(AF)叶片含氮量、植株含钾量呈降低趋势;非淹涝胁迫下铵态氮处理(A)具有相对较高的植株氮、磷含量,且淹涝胁迫对氮、磷、钾在植株不同部位分配的影响相对较低。因此,本试验供应铵态氮苗期玉米具有相对较强的耐淹涝胁迫能力。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.