大豆新品种吉育54的选育及栽培技术

中早熟大豆新品种“吉育54”，是吉林省农业科学院大豆所于1991年通过品种间有性杂交选育而成，原品系代号为“公交91171—3”。2001年经吉林省农作物品种委员会审定，确定为推广品种。其主要特点为脂肪含量较高(脂肪含量21．31％)，抗大豆灰斑病，中抗大豆花叶病1、3号株系，高产稳产。     

早熟高油大豆新品种阿豆1号的选育及栽培技术

早熟高油大豆新品种阿豆1号是新疆农业科学院粮食作物研究所在黑河5号的基础上,采用异地选择方法培育的优良大豆新品种;籽粒蛋白质含量37.4%(干基),脂肪含量23.4%(干基),且蛋白质含量受环境影响较大,脂肪含量与蛋白质和脂肪总量受环境影响较小。2004~2005年参加新疆大豆品种(早熟组)区域试验,平均产量3 128.55 kg/hm2,居参试品种第3位。2005年参加新疆大豆品种(早熟组)生产试验,平均产量2 884.95 kg/hm2,居参试品种第3位。该品种适宜新疆北部冷凉大豆产区春播和南部阿克苏地区复播。     

黑龙江省大豆区域试验品种品质现状分析

为了解黑龙江省大豆新品种化学品质发展变化的概况及趋势,对黑龙江省2005～2008年参加区域试验的360份大豆品种(品系)进行品质分析,对照美国2号大豆期货标准,评价了近年来黑龙江省大豆品种品质改良的效果.结果表明:在360份材料中,蛋白质(干基)含量达到该标准的有151份,占全部材料的41.9%;脂肪(干基)含量达到该标准的有104份,占全部材料的28.9%;蛋白质加脂肪(干基)含量达到标准的有87份,占全部材料的24.2%.黑龙江省大豆区域试验品种的整体品质与美国2号大豆质量标准还有较大差距.     

大豆关键品质成分的气象预报方法研究

为评价大豆气候品质,优化布局优质大豆产区、提升大豆产品附加值和市场竞争力,利用2005-2018年内蒙古东北部大豆主产区主栽品种内豆4号的品质分析、发育期和同期气象观测等数据,采用相关分析、典型年分析和回归分析等方法,确定影响大豆蛋白质、脂肪含量的关键气象因子和关键期,并构建大豆蛋白质含量、脂肪含量等品质成分与关键气象因子的定量关系模型.结果表明:温度和降水是影响大豆蛋白质含量的主导气象因子,而影响大豆脂肪含量的主导气象因子是温度;8月上旬至9月上旬(结荚期～鼓粒期)是影响蛋白质和脂肪含量的共同关键期,也是影响大豆品质形成的最关键阶段.大豆进入开花期后,气温高、降水多有利于蛋白质的积累,而开花初期和结荚鼓粒期气温较低、成熟期气温较高,利于大豆脂肪含量的提高.在分析生物学意义基础上优选因子,构建大豆蛋白质含量、脂肪含量与关键影响因子定量关系模型,拟合率均较高.通过对2019年大豆蛋白质含量、脂肪含量的模拟检验,预报效果较好.     

早熟高油大豆新品种新大豆7号的选育及栽培要点

早熟高油大豆新品种新大豆7号是新疆农业科学院粮食作物研究所1995年从加拿大引进,经过连续多年异地选择培育的优良大豆新品种,籽粒蛋白质含量38.2%(干基),脂肪含量23.7%(干基),且蛋白质含量受环境影响较大,脂肪含量受环境影响较小.2004-2005年参加新疆大豆品种(早熟组)区域试验,平均产量3 252.45 kg/hm2,较对照阿豆1号增产3.96%,居参试品种第二位.2005年参加新疆大豆品种(早熟组)生产试验,平均产量3 202.05 kg/hm2,比对照阿豆1号增产10.99%,居参试品种第一位.该品种适宜新疆北部冷凉大豆产区春播和南部阿克苏地区复播.     

高油大豆品种蛋白质和脂肪积累规律初探

以3个高油大豆品种(绥农14、红丰9、东农47)为试验材料,在2003—2004不同年份探讨高油大豆品种 蛋白质和脂肪积累的变化规律。结果表明:高油大豆品种在不同年份间,脂肪含量的相对排序保持不变。油分含 量高的品种,蛋白质含量年份间变异较小;油分含量低的品种,则变异较大。高油大豆的蛋白质含量积累呈现出 “高—低—高”趋势,并且种子成熟后的蛋白质含量要小于初期测量时的含量;高油大豆脂肪含量积累呈现了“低— 高—低”趋势,并且种子成熟后的脂肪含量要高于初期测量时的含量。     

大豆新品种赤豆一号的选育及栽培技术

中早熟大豆新品种“赤豆一号” ,是内蒙古赤峰市农业科学研究所于 1994年在农家品种“稀植四号”天然杂交株中采用系谱法选育而成 ,原品系代号为“98-5”。 2 0 0 4年 2月经内蒙古农作物品种审定委员会审定 ,确定为推广品种 ,其主要特点为脂肪含量较高 (脂肪含量 2 2 .83 % ) ,抗倒伏 ,中抗大豆花叶病 1号株系 ,高产稳产。     

不同结荚习性大豆节位间产量和品质的相关性研究

为了研究不同结荚习性大豆节位间产量和品质的变化规律,以无限结荚习性品种元宝金和金元1号,亚有限结荚习性品种吉农7号和吉林45为材料,研究了不同节位的产量、蛋白质含量和脂肪含量。结果表明:各大豆品种不同节位间的产量、蛋白质含量、脂肪含量均存在差异。元宝金和金元1号的产量中部最高,蛋白质含量上部最高,脂肪含量下部最高;吉农7号和吉林45的产量、蛋白质含量均为上部最高,脂肪含量中部最高。金元1号上部籽粒产量与蛋白质含量呈显著正相关,产量与脂肪含量呈极显著正相关;吉农7号下部籽粒产量与蛋白质及脂肪含量均呈极显著正相关;吉林45下部籽粒产量与蛋白质及脂肪含量均呈显著正相关。本研究结果为大豆不同节位籽粒合理化利用以及产量与品质关系的改良提供理论依据。     

大豆脂肪含量与生态因子关系的研究

2001～2002年在河南省夏大豆主产区的5个试点,以豫豆25号13期分期播种的方法,研究了气象、土壤养分和海拔等38个生态因子对豫豆25号脂肪含量的关系,通过逐步回归统计分析,筛选出与大豆脂肪含量密切相关的11个生态因素间的直线或曲线关系.明确了夏大豆鼓粒成熟期较少的日照、较高的均温、较多的降水和较大的昼夜温差以及出苗期较高的均温和花荚期较多的降水利于脂肪的积累形成.较高的土壤全氮和钾含量、较低的硫含量有利于大豆脂肪大幅度提高.在本试验pH值6.95～7.89范围内,偏碱性土壤利于脂肪的形成.在本试验研究因子范围内,其它生态因子对大豆脂肪含量无明显影响.     

夏大豆新品种潍豆126的选育及栽培技术

潍豆126是潍坊市农业科学院育成的大豆新品种。在2013—2014年山东省夏大豆品种区域试验中,两年平均产量为230.75公斤/亩,平均较对照增产3.7%。2015年参加生产试验,平均产量247.9公斤/亩,平均比对照菏豆12增产6.0%。脂肪含量2.07%,属高油品种,抗花叶病毒3号株系和7号株系,2016年通过山东省农作物品种审委员会审定(编号:鲁审豆20160042)。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Citrus Flavonoids in Fruit and Traditional Chinese Medicinal Food Ingredients in China

Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China.     

Evolutionary aspects of the trade-off between seed size and number in crops

Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.

The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).

The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.