广西推广澄清、蒸发自动控制技术

今年3月份,广西区经委在河池市召开2009年广西糖业技术交流会,会上重点推出由广西宏智科技有限公司研发的"糖厂澄清、蒸发工段自动控制(DCS)系统",受到与会广西90多家制糖企业代表的欢迎.     

制糖技术及装备的进展(二)

由于国外大量新建糖厂对中国制造的需求,引领了国内糖机装备设计及制糖新技术不断引进和更新,也推动了国内制糖业对新技术和新设备的广泛探索和应用。试图对国内糖厂具有一定参考价值的一些制糖新技术和新设备的应用进行分类介绍。此节介绍蔗汁澄清及蒸发工段的新技术及装备的应用情况。     

亚法糖厂清净工段自动控制系统

糖厂清净工段稳定的操作和良好的管理，可以提高清汁的纯度、产品质量和糖分回收。自动控制是稳定清净工段操作的有力手段，多年来一直为糖厂所关注。     

“烟道气CO2饱充，蔗汁渣沫分离”技术在亚硫酸法糖厂澄清工艺的应用与探讨

文章介绍了"烟道气CO2饱充,蔗汁渣沫分离"技术应用于亚硫酸法糖厂澄清工段的生产情况,取得了较好的成果.与传统的亚硫酸法生产工艺比较,该技术具有成本低、易于操作、提高产品质量和环保等优势.指出采用"烟道气CO2饱充,蔗汁渣沫分离"技术,是优化亚硫酸法糖厂澄清工艺的主流方向.     

国内新建糖厂三维设计的应用

糖厂装置主要以设备和管线为主,管线类型及规格多,管道布置相互交叉,尤其是澄清加热蒸发车间,管道走向极为复杂。在糖厂设计过程中,传统的AutoCAD二维辅助设计存在着效率低下、局部管道设计困难、管道易碰撞等缺点,而三维辅助设计可以直观、逼真的反映车间的空间效果,进行碰撞检查,从而优化工程设计,优化净空和优化管线布置,并能降低管道设计难度,提升工程图纸质量和出图速度。目前,国外糖厂设计三维辅助设计技术已较为成熟。而我国的糖厂三维设计只有个别案例,文章以国内某糖厂澄清加热蒸发车间设计为例,详细提供了糖厂基于AutoCAD Plant 3D的三维辅助设计的主要思路、设计优势及存在的难点,并简要说明了国内糖厂三维辅助设计的发展趋势。     

基于PSO算法的糖厂多效蒸发热能优化模型研究

在糖厂五效蒸发系统最小总有效能损失数学模型基础上，应用微粒群优化算法（Particle Swarm Optimization，PSO）对该模型热能优化问题进行研究，并针对模型的特点，在粒子编码、约束条件、收敛速度等方面进行改进，最后对模型进行求解。实例结果表明，采用PSO算法对糖厂多效蒸发系统最小有效能损失模型进行寻优求解具有可行性和有效性。     

糖厂蒸发热效能的挖潜

本文提出了适当加大蒸发罐汁汽管、汽凝水排出管和汽凝水平衡罐回汽管的管径,可充分的利用热能,减少蒸汽用量,减少蒸发面积配比,减少投资,提高蒸发效能,是糖厂蒸发工段节能的有效途径.     

一种简单实用的糖厂洗滤布水处理方法

１概述甘蔗糖厂和甜菜糖厂从提汁车间提出的混合汁要经过澄清和过滤才能进入蒸发浓缩结晶工段 ,绝大部分糖厂的泥汁过滤是靠压滤机或真空吸滤机的滤布完成 ,滤布使用一段时间后由于固体物质堵塞 ,必须用清水加以冲洗 ,排出的冲冼水称之谓洗滤布水。目前大多数糖厂的洗滤布水未经任何处理便排走 ,造成严重的环境污染 ,因为这种洗滤布水量大 ,按日榨３０００吨甘蔗的糖厂每天用洗滤布水量达８００—１０００吨之多 ,且水中约ＳＳ含量高达０．３—１．０ % ,ＣＯＤ含量１０００—５０００ｍｇ／Ｌ,还含有０．１—０．５ %的糖份 ,排放后易发臭 …     

糖厂蒸发热效能的挖潜

本文提出了适当加大蒸发罐汁汽管、汽凝水排出管和汽凝水平衡罐回汽管的管径,可充分的利用热能,减少蒸汽用量,减少蒸发面积配比,减少投资,提高蒸发效能,是糖厂蒸发工段节能的有效途径。     

糖厂压榨过程自动控制及信息管理系统

本文介绍的糖厂压榨车间生产过程自动控制及信息管理系统,由输送带控制、榨机转速控制、蔗渣带自动计量、渗透水·混合汁流量控制、榨面操作台、压榨自控系统中心站、网络通讯等系统组成,可对压榨车间生产过程的各个环节进行自动控制和监视,并通过计算机网络对生产进行指挥调度.     

New and revisited species in Aspergillus section Nigri

Four new species, Aspergillus eucalypticola, A. neoniger, A. fijiensis and A. indologenus are described and illustrated. Aspergillus eucalypticola was isolated from Eucalyptus leaf from Australia, and is related to A. tubingensis and A. costaricaensis, but could clearly be distinguished from them based on either β-tubulin or calmodulin sequence data. Aspergillus eucalypticola produced pyranonigrin A, funalenone, aurasperone B and other naphtho-γ-pyrones. Aspergillus neoniger is also a biseriate species isolated from desert sand in Namibia, and mangrove water in Venezuela, which produces aurasperone B and pyranonigrin A. Aspergillus fijiensis is a uniseriate species related to A. aculeatinus, and was isolated from soil in Fiji, and from Lactuca sativa in Indonesia. This species is able to grow at 37 °C, and produces asperparalines and okaramins. Aspergillus indologenus was isolated from soil, India. This species also belongs to the uniseriate group of black aspergilli, and was found to be related to, but clearly distinguishable from A. uvarum based on β-tubulin, calmodulin and ITS sequence data. Aspergillus indologenus produced the insecticidal compounds okaramins A, B, H, and two types of indol-alkaloids which have not been structure elucidated. Two other species, A. violaceofuscus and A. acidus, are revalidated based on molecular and extrolite data. Aspergillus violaceofuscus was found to be related to A. japonicus, and produced some of the same interesting indol-alkaloids as A. indologenus, and also produced several families of partially characterised extrolites that were also found in A. heteromorphus. Aspergillus acidus (previously known as A. foetidus var. pallidus and A. foetidus var. acidus) is also a valid species, while A. foetidus is a synonym of A. niger based on molecular and physiological data. Two other species described previously, A. coreanus and A. lacticoffeatus, were found to be colour mutants of A. acidus and A. niger, respectively. Methods which could be used to distinguish the two closely related and economically important species A. niger and A. awamori are also detailed. Although these species differ in their occurrence and several physiological means (elastase activities, abilities to utilise 2-deoxy-D-glucose as sole carbon source), our data indicate that only molecular approaches including sequence analysis of calmodulin or β-tubulin genes, AFLP analysis, UP-PCR analysis or mtDNA RFLP analysis can be used reliably to distinguish these sibling species. Aspergillus section Nigri now includes 26 taxa.     

Taxonomy of Penicillium section Citrina

Species of Penicillium section Citrina have a worldwide distribution and occur commonly in soils. The section is here delimited using a combination of phenotypic characters and sequences of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene operon, including the internal transcribed spacer regions ITS1 and ITS2, the 5.8S nrDNA (ITS) and partial RPB2 sequences. Species assigned to section Citrina share the production of symmetrically biverticillate conidiophores, flask shaped phialides (7.0-9.0 μm long) and relatively small conidia (2.0-3.0 μm diam). Some species can produce greyish-brown coloured cleistothecia containing flanged ascospores. In the present study, more than 250 isolates presumably belonging to section Citrina were examined using a combined analysis of phenotypic and physiological characters, extrolite profiles and ITS, β-tubulin and/or calmodulin sequences. Section Citrina includes 39 species, and 17 of those are described here as new. The most important phenotypic characters for distinguishing species are growth rates and colony reverse colours on the agar media CYA, MEA and YES; shape, size and ornamentation of conidia and the production of sclerotia or cleistothecia. Temperature-growth profiles were made for all examined species and are a valuable character characters for species identification. Species centered around P. citrinum generally have a higher maximum growth temperature (33-36 °C) than species related to P. westlingii (27-33 °C). Extrolite patterns and partial calmodulin and β-tubulin sequences can be used for sequence based identification and resolved all species. In contrast, ITS sequences were less variable and only 55 % of the species could be unambiguously identified with this locus. TAXONOMIC NOVELTIES: Penicillium argentinense Houbraken, Frisvad & Samson, P. atrofulvum Houbraken, Frisvad & Samson, P. aurantiacobrunneum Houbraken, Frisvad & Samson, P. cairnsense Houbraken, Frisvad & Samson, P. christenseniae Houbraken, Frisvad & Samson, P. copticola Houbraken, Frisvad & Samson, P. cosmopolitanum Houbraken, Frisvad & Samson, P. neomiczynskii Cole, Houbraken, Frisvad & Samson, P. nothofagi Houbraken, Frisvad & Samson, P. pancosmium Houbraken, Frisvad & Samson, P. pasqualense Houbraken, Frisvad & Samson, P. quebecense Seifert, Houbraken, Frisvad & Samson, P. raphiae Houbraken, Frisvad & Samson, P. terrigenum Seifert, Houbraken, Frisvad & Samson, P. ubiquetum Houbraken, Frisvad & Samson, P. vancouverense Houbraken, Frisvad & Samson, P. wellingtonense Cole, Houbraken, Frisvad & Samson.     

New species in Aspergillus section Terrei

Section Terrei of Aspergillus was studied using a polyphasic approach including sequence analysis of parts of the β-tubulin and calmodulin genes and the ITS region, macro- and micromorphological analyses and examination of extrolite profiles to describe three new species in this section. Based on phylogenetic analysis of calmodulin and β-tubulin sequences seven lineages were observed among isolates that have previously been treated as A. terreus and its subspecies by Raper & Fennell (1965) and others. Aspergillus alabamensis, A. terreus var. floccosus, A. terreus var. africanus, A. terreus var. aureus, A. hortai and A. terreus NRRL 4017 all represent distinct lineages from the A. terreus clade. Among them, A. terreus var. floccosus, A. terreus NRRL 4017 and A. terreus var. aureus could also be distinguished from A. terreus by using ITS sequence data. New names are proposed for A. terreus var. floccosus, A. terreus var. africanus, A. terreus var. aureus, while Aspergillus hortai is recognised at species level. Aspergillus terreus NRRL 4017 is described as the new species A. pseudoterreus. Also included in section Terrei are some species formerly placed in sections Flavipedes and Versicolores. A. clade including the type isolate of A. niveus (CBS 115.27) constitutes a lineage closely related to A. carneus. Fennellia nivea, the hypothesized teleomorph is not related to this clade. Aspergillus allahabadii, A. niveus var. indicus, and two species originally placed in section Versicolores, A. ambiguus and A. microcysticus, also form well-defined lineages on all trees. Species in Aspergillus section Terrei are producers of a diverse array of secondary metabolites. However, many of the species in the section produce different combinations of the following metabolites: acetylaranotin, asperphenamate, aspochalamins, aspulvinones, asteltoxin, asterric acid, asterriquinones, aszonalenins, atrovenetins, butyrolactones, citreoisocoumarins, citreoviridins, citrinins, decaturins, fulvic acid, geodins, gregatins, mevinolins, serantrypinone, terreic acid (only the precursor 3,6-dihydroxytoluquinone found), terreins, terrequinones, terretonins and territrems. The cholesterol-lowering agent mevinolin was found in A. terreus and A. neoafricanus only. The hepatotoxic extrolite citrinin was found in eight species: A. alabamensis, A. allahabadii, A. carneus, A. floccosus, A. hortai, A. neoindicus, A. niveus and A. pseudoterreus. The neurotoxic extrolite citreoviridin was found in five species: A. neoafricanus, A. aureoterreus, A. pseudoterreus, A. terreus and A. neoniveus. Territrems, tremorgenic extrolites, were found in some strains of A. alabamensis and A. terreus.