海口市近60a气候变化研究

利用1951~2010年海口市国家基准气候站逐月平均气温、降水量、日照时数等数据,采用线性倾向率、Mann-Kendall非参数检验、滑动T检验、累积距平法和Morlet小波分析等数理统计方法 ,分析了海口市1951~2010年的气候变化特征。结果表明:海口市近60 a气候变化表现为气温显著上升、日照时数显著减少,但降水量变化不明显。20世纪90年代是气温升高、降水量增多、日照时数减少的显著变化稳定期,2000年以后气候变化波动最强烈。旱季气温增幅明显大于雨季,但降水量变化较小。此外,旱季气候要素波动大于雨季。气候突变和小波分析得出,1986年是气温由低到高的突变点,1967~1978、1998~2010年分别是冷期和暖期;1976年是降水量发生由多到少的突变点,1993年是日照时数发生由多到少的突变点。海口市气温和降水量变化均存在5~10 a左右的周期,日照时数存在5~8 a、25~28 a左右的周期。     

长汀县1956-2016年气温变化特征分析

通过一元线性回归、滑动平均等方法,对长汀县1956-2016年的平均气温、平均最高气温及平均最低气温变化进行分析.结果表明,近61年来,长汀县的年平均气温变化呈上升趋势,气候倾向率为0.141℃/10a,1998年以来增温明显,且秋季变暖趋势最为显著.年平均最高气温与年平均最低气温也呈上升趋势.     

赣北地区六十年来秋季降水特征与未来风险分析预估

为优化赣北地区粮、棉、油等产业布局,提升区域防灾减灾与应对气候变化能力,以赣北地区历年秋季降水量、不同量级降水量日数以及最长连续无降水日数为研究对象,分析研究其秋季降水变化的线性、周期性、突变性以及年代际变化特征,预估其变化趋势与风险.结果表明:1960年以来,赣北地区秋季降水(含降水量日数)年变化线性趋势特征均不显著,但周期性振荡特征明显,小雨日数与总阴雨日数出现阶段性减少的突变,最长连续无降水日数也出现过短时的减少突变;未来7～10 a秋季除暴雨及大暴雨日数可能进入偏多的周期外,其他因子均进入偏少的振荡周期,干旱与突发性强降水的风险并存.     

濉溪县夏大豆生育期降水变化特征分析

以濉溪县1961～2010年6月中旬～9月下旬降水量、雨日为研究对象,利用曲线回归和方差分析外推、小波分析法,研究夏大豆生育期降水的演变规律及突变特征,为旱涝预警、防灾减灾提供依据。结果表明:夏大豆生长期降水量整体呈略有下降的趋势,但未达到显著水平。历年平均降水量和雨日季节变化为近似抛物线。全生育期降水量变化主周期为5 a,雨日变化主周期为14 a。大豆播种期、苗期、花荚期和鼓粒期降水量变化主周期分别为11、8、11和7 a,雨日变化主周期分别为19、12、23和5 a。根据变化主周期,利用前40～46 a资料,预测2001～2011年夏大豆全生育期降水量和鼓粒期雨日,准确率分别为63.6%和54.5%。     

南平市近58年冬季气候变化及特征分析

利用南平市3个代表站1951-2009年气象资料,统计分析冬季降水和气温变化特征。结果显示,58年来南平市冬季平均气温呈上升趋势,平均最低气温上升明显,降水呈波动性,近10年呈相对少雨年。通过相关分析,用逐步回归方程建立冬季气温趋势预报。     

分宜气候变化特征及其对苎麻生产的影响和对策

用分宜县1961—2008年气象资料,分析了气候变化的特征和规律。近48年来分宜年平均气温呈上升趋势（0．179℃／10a）,年极端最低气温上升明显（0．646℃／10a）。降水季节性变化明显：春季和秋季呈下降趋势,夏季和冬季呈上升趋势。日照呈下降趋势。年平均风速和年最大风速均呈下降趋势。分析了气候变化对苎麻生长发育、产量形成的影响,提出了相应的建议和措施。     

赣北植棉区气候变化研究

为揭示赣北植棉区棉花全生育期气候资源变化特征，采用线性回归、小波分析、M-K检验等方法，分析研究15 ℃界限温度起止日及其间光、温、水等要素时间序列的变化特征。结果表明：近58 a鄱阳湖棉区15 ℃界限温度初日显著提早、终日相对稳定、持续时间显著延长；其间积温及降水量均呈增多趋势，日照时间呈减少趋势，且三者均达到过突变状态，其中降水量还存在比较明显的时间尺度为8 a的振荡周期；棉花全生育期热量条件趋好，但降水增多与积温上升的变化节奏不同步，可能导致高温热害以及旱涝风险增大；日照减少趋势对棉花产量品质形成弊大于利。     

气候变化与大麦生产

分析了新洋农场近14年来的气候变化,年平均气温达14.4℃,比1990年前24年提高了0.6℃,且有升幅逐渐加大趋向。近5年平均气温比1990年前提高了0.9℃。气温升高以冬季最明显。近14年11月中旬至3月中旬升温1.15℃,而极端最低气温的升幅比平均气温更大。降水量变化的最显著特点是变率增大,近14年降水量的变异系数为35.0%,前24年为22.3%。从种植区划、品种、播期、耕作制度、密度、抗灾、病虫草害防治、种植结构调整、品质控制和秸秆还田等方面提出了应变对策。     

龙岩市百香果气候适宜性研究分析

利用龙岩市7个地面观测站和114个区域自动气象站2013-2017年5年逐日气象数据资料,运用多元线性回归方法建立龙岩市百香果气候资源要素回归分析模型,制作年平均气温、3-11月日平均气温为18~22℃的平均有效积温、年平均日照时数和年平均降水量的分布情况,并确定各个气候指标的评分和权重。叠加龙岩土地利用类型数据,基于GIS生成百香果在龙岩精细化气候适宜性区划图。结果表明:龙岩市的东部年降水量丰沛,日照充足,开花坐果期适宜的有效积温多,适宜大面积种植百香果。西南部虽然降水丰沛,但开花坐果期适宜的有效积温明显较差,年平均气温达到适宜百香果种植条件的区域较小,属于次适宜区。西北部温度、光照、降水条件都不利于百香果的生长,不适宜种植百香果。结合田间考察,该研究的百香果气候适宜性区划与实际情况相符,对于充分合理利用龙岩气候资源、减少百香果种植的盲目性具有重要指导意义。     

林下气象条件对铁皮石斛茎生长的影响分析

为林下种植铁皮石斛的生产管理提供气象参考,2014-2015年对龙眼树下不同栽培方式种植的铁皮石斛茎生长和同期气象条件进行观测,分析林下气象条件对铁皮石斛茎生长的影响。结果表明:(1)龙眼树林下种植铁皮石斛茎伸长生长变化过程表现为S型生长曲线,表现为"慢——快——慢"的生长规律。龙眼树上绑扎种植铁皮石斛的茎性状均优于林下苗床种植的。(2)气象条件对铁皮石斛的茎生长有明显的影响,茎增长量和过程日平均气温、日平均气温最低值、日平均气温最高值、平均日最高气温、平均日最低气温之间存在显著的相关关系,试验林下的平均相对湿度基本保持在80%以上,基本适宜铁皮石斛的生长。在日平均气温24~30℃、日最高气温27~36℃和日最低气温20~26℃的条件下,铁皮石斛茎生长较快。生长高峰期出现时的日平均气温在27~29℃、日最高气温在32~34℃和日最低气温在24~26℃。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.