免耕对土壤理化性状和直播稻生长及产量形成的影响

为探明免耕直播稻的生长规律和免耕直播的环境效应,研究了稻田免耕直播对土壤理化性状和水稻生长及产量形成的影响.结果表明,稻田免耕后,土壤容重降低和孔隙性得到改善,土壤养分在土壤表层富集.与翻耕直播相比,免耕直播稻分蘖能力较弱,但无效分蘖较少,成穗率高.直播条件下,免耕更有利于叶面积的扩展.除齐穗期外,其它生育时期免耕稻的根系活力强,平均比翻耕提高4.45%.在最高分蘖期,免耕直播稻的根冠比和单蔸根干重高于翻耕直播稻.在翻耕和免耕条件下,干物质积累量及在茎、叶和穗中的分配比例无显著差异.免耕直播稻的实际产量为8.6 t/hm2,比翻耕直播稻增产5.8%.另外,免耕直播稻的收获指数比翻耕直播稻高,增幅为13.3%,但未达到5%的显著差异水平.     

水稻的直播与免耕直播栽培研究进展

综述了国内外水稻直播、免耕和免耕直播栽培技术的发展概况．免耕稻田土壤的物理化学特性及生物特征．免耕直播稻栽培的技术特点和对水稻生长发育及产量的影响．以及适合于我国水稻免耕直播栽培的模式：即冬水田水稻免耕直播、油菜等冬作物田水稻免耕直播、双季稻快速清茬免耕直播的技术特点。免耕直播稻与翻耕移栽稻具有同样的产量潜力．省工节本增效的效益显著。是我国水稻低成本高效益栽培的主要途径之一。     

浦城县古楼乡水稻免耕栽培技术

介绍了水稻免耕高产栽培技术,包括直播前准备,播种、水稻免耕育秧技术、合理密植、苗期管理,水分管理、施肥、病虫防治、适时收获等方面的内容。为推广水稻免耕高产栽培技术提供参考。     

青阳茂施缓释肥料在水稻上的肥效研究

[目的]验证青阳县茂施农业科技有限公司生产的缓释肥料田间使用效果.[方法]以不施氮肥和常规施肥处理为对照,研究了3种不同用量缓释肥对水稻生长发育、产量及经济效益的影响.[结果]与常规施肥相比,缓释肥料处理水稻穗数、穗粒数和千粒重分别多出19.95万穗/hm2、6.2粒和0.55 g.缓释肥料处理水稻产量比常规施肥处理增...     

水稻-油菜复种免耕直播栽培技术要点

水稻、油菜是湖南省种植面积最大的作物.现有的种植方式是以翻耕土壤、育苗移栽为主,导致其生产的肥料用量多,劳动强度大,生产成本高,比较效益低.近年开展的有关水稻直播栽培技术、稻田免耕栽培技术和免耕直播栽培技术等研究与应用,稻田生产效益得到提高.免耕直播栽培技术是免耕技术与直播技术的进一步发展,具有明显的省工、节本、增效的特点.国内外已进行了大量的研究,并得到了广泛的应用.     

水稻免耕直播栽培试验小结

为了探索水稻免耕直播技术的增产效果及栽培技术途径,2005年早季南安市农技站采用瑞士先正达公司生产的“克无踪”除草剂,进行了早稻免耕直播与常规手插对比试验,旨在为大面积推广免耕直播技术提供科学依据,现将试验结果小结如下.     

水稻免耕直播超省力栽培技术

１９９３年以来 ,我市列题进行了水稻半旱畦式免耕直播耕作法综合配套技术及对土壤性状影响的试验、研究、并逐步进行示范和推广应用。２０００年全市推广水稻免耕直播面积达６７００ｈｍ２,其中约１／３面积采用超省力栽培技术。该技术具有省工省力、改善土壤性状、增产增效明显的特点。现将此项技术简介如下 :一、水稻免耕直播超省力栽培的方式①开沟作畦 ,碎土平整 ,播后盖籽。此法适用于前茬无畦的田块 ,如冬闲田。由于开沟作畦用工量大 ,可用拖拉机在冬季旋耕开沟 ,使翻起的土块充分风化 ,次年粗平后直播早稻。②利用前茬畦面 ,上水至…     

种肥用量对免耕半固态直播稻产量构成与稻米品质的影响

2015年在浏阳北盛设计水稻免耕半固态直播与传统翻耕直播的大田对比试验,研究半固态播种基质不同复合肥添加量对水稻产量及稻米品质的影响,并筛选出免耕半固态直播最佳种肥用量。结果表明,与传统翻耕直播相比,免耕半固态直播在适当减少复合肥和氮肥的用量时,产量显著增加,且不同种肥用量处理间的产量随着种肥用量的增加呈先增加后减少的趋势,以基质复合肥和稀泥配比为0.8∶100、种肥用量为62.53 kg/hm^2时增产效果最佳。免耕半固态直播虽有利于水稻产量的增加,但在一定程度上会降低精米率;在基质复合肥和稀泥配比为0.7∶100、种肥用量57.72 kg/hm^2时会降低稻米的蛋白质含量;免耕半固态直播稻不同种肥用量处理间的稻米品质各指标差异都不显著。     

稻田冬季保护性耕作条件下的土壤酶活性与水稻成熟期叶片衰老和籽粒产量之间的关系

 为研究稻田冬季保护性耕作不同种植模式对土壤酶活性以及水稻成熟期叶片衰老的影响, 设计了5种种植模式：免耕直播稻草全程覆盖马铃薯（T1）、免耕直播黑麦草（T2）、免耕直播油菜（T3）、免耕直播燕麦草（T4）和空闲（CK）,供试品种为杂交组合国稻6号。与对照（CK）相比,T1、T2和T3处理均可显著提高土壤蛋白酶、中性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶以及转化酶活性,尤其是T1处理,其土壤酶活性明显高于其他处理,而T4处理与对照相比,差异不明显。T1、T2和T3处理均可有效延缓水稻成熟期剑叶的衰老,主要表现为成熟期剑叶中的超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性、可溶性蛋白质和叶绿素含量下降缓慢,丙二醛含量上升的幅度较小,相对于对照（CK）,差异均达显著水平。在本试验条件下,土壤酶对水稻叶片衰老的影响程度依次为蛋白酶>过氧化氢酶>中性磷酸酶>转化酶。叶片衰老对水稻产量的影响主要表现在灌浆中后期。     

湖南水稻免耕直播、免耕抛秧技术的发展前景

介绍了国内外水稻免耕直播和免耕抛秧技术的发展概况及示范推广效益，提出了我省研究示范推广水稻免耕直播和免耕抛秧技术的几点建议。     

新昌县稻米消费嫌籼喜粳演变趋势及其对我们的启示

新昌地处浙江东部 ,为山区小县 ,现拥有人口43万 ,耕地1.6万hm2 ,其中水田1.1万hm2。近年社会经济发展很快 ,“八五”时期从浙江省17个贫困县之一发展成为浙江省经济中等发达县 ;经“九五”努力 ,1998年又被评为省定小康县 ;经国家统计局农村社会经济调查总队综合测评结果 ,2001年跻身全国百强县 (市 )行列。2002年农民人均纯收入达4930元 ,城镇居民人均可支配收入达11683元 ,分别比2001年增加293元和1263元。当地传统上以消费籼米为主 ,其中稻米严重短缺的20世纪50年代以前 ,为中晚籼米 ;进入60年代因水稻改制成功 ,主要消费转向早籼米 ;从…     

System of rice intensification increases rice productivity on saline soil

The acidic condition of soil intervened crop growth, especially for rice crop. This research aimed to examine whether application of SRI method on saline soil can improve the productivity of rice. This research applied SRI method in the hinterland of mangrove forest areas around Segara Anakan Lagoon of Indonesia through modified irrigation to reduce saline water intrusion. SRI along with deep furrows in this first implementation had reduced the use of synthetic fertilizers by 40%, reduced variable costs by 8.35%, increased the B/C ratio by 95% and crop productivity by 76% compared to the control methods and increased the B/C ratio by 161% and crop productivity by 133% compared to conventional methods. The farmer’s motivation to apply SRI along with deep furrows for both N-Ach and N-Aff majority was distributed from moderate to high.     

水稻沼液浸种壮秧增产技术

沼液是各种有机物在沼气池中经过厌氧发酵后的一种液体有机肥料。经科研部门化验分析 ,沼液不仅含有多种氨基酸、维生素、蛋白质、酶、矿物质 ,以及生长素、赤霉素等对作物生长代谢有调节作用的水溶性养分 ,而且这些营养成分基本上以速效养分形式存在。因此 ,沼液速效营养能力强 ,养分可利用率高。所含的生长素既可以促进植物根系的发育 ,又有助于植物体内的氮代谢。正常使用沼气池中的沼液具有杀灭病原菌的能力。据辽宁省盘锦市大洼县王家农场试验表明 ,用沼液浸种增产表1沼液浸种秧苗素质调查处理清水 (CK)恶苗灵(CK)24小时48小时72小时…     

"黄瓜-晚稻秧田-晚稻"高产高效模式配套栽培技术

在大力推行种植业结构调整的过程中 ,炎陵县农技推广部门不断探索 ,在晚稻秧田综合利用的基础上 ,逐步形成了“黄瓜—晚稻秧田—晚稻”的高效栽培模式 ,并很快被农民所接受 ,应用面积逐年扩大 ,效益不断提高 ,成为炎陵县种植结构调整的典型。一、模式的效益分析１．经济效益１９９８～２００２年连续５年调查统计 ,应用该模式后 ,每６６７ｍ２ 可产黄瓜４５００～５５００ｋｇ,因黄瓜早熟 ,市场价格好 ,产值达３０００元 ,纯收益２０００元 ;同时 ,每６６７ｍ２还可产晚稻谷５５０ｋｇ。２.社会效益该模式提高了晚稻秧田的综合利用率 ,为晚…     

Special rice in China Xuanhan peach blossom rice

ＩｔｉｓａｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌｒｉｃｅｏｒｉｇｉｎａｔｅｄｆｒｏｍＸｕａｎｈａｎＣｏｕｎｔｙ,ＳｉｃｈｕａｎＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ．ＦｒｏｍｔｈｅＴａｎｇｄｙｎａｓｔｙ（６８４ＤＣ）,ｔｈｅｌｏｃａｌｏｆｆｉｃｉａｌｓｏｆｆｅｒｅｄｔｈｅｐｅａｃｈｂｌｏｓｓｏｍｒｉｃｅｔｏｅｍｐｅｒｏｒ,ｓｏｉｔｗａｓａｌｓｏｃａｌｌｅｄ＂ＴｒｉｂｕｔｅＲｉｃｅ＂．ＧｌａｓｓｒｉｃｅＴｈｅａｎｏｔｈｅｒｎａｍｅｆｏｒｔｈｅｇｌａｓｓｒｉｃｅｉｓｆｒａｇｒａｎｔｉｎｄｉｃａｒｉｃｅ．ＩｔｗａｓｆｒｏｍＱｉｎｙａｎｇＣ…     

Hybrid rice heterosis and genetic diversity of IRRI and Lao rice

Glutinous and non-glutinous rice hybrids derived from IRRI and Lao PDR rice germplasm were evaluated for yield heterosis and genetic diversity based on SSR markers. Pollen and spikelet fertilities of the hybrids showed absence of effective restorer and maintainer genes in the Lao varieties for WA-CMS cytoplasm. Positive heterosis over better or male parent (Lao varieties) was observed. Hybrids derived from an IRRIs TGMS line with Lao varieties showed a great potential in hybrid rice application. Genetic diversity among the rice lines was assessed by COP and SSR markers. Cluster analysis based on the molecular markers generated three parental groups in agreement with parental pedigree information. Significant linear relation was detected between yield heterosis and marker-based genetic distance of parents.     

Transmission characteristics of Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus by rice planthoppers

Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV) is a recently proposed distinct species in the genus Fijivirus, family Reoviridae. During the past decade, SRBSDV has spread throughout southern China and northern Vietnam, and has become one of the greatest threats to rice production in these regions. We evaluated three common planthopper species affecting rice: white-backed planthopper (WBPH, Sogatella furcifera), brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens) and small brown planthopper (SBPH, Laodelphax striatellus) to determine their virus transmission abilities. It was confirmed that WBPH was an efficient persistent-transmitting vector for SRBSDV. Neither BPH nor SBPH were viral vectors, although a small proportion (3.7%) of tested SBPH acquired the virus from diseased rice. We characterized the virus transmission properties of WBPH. 83% of the tested insects fed on virus-infected rice plants became viruliferous. The minimum virus acquisition and inoculation access periods were 5 and 30 min, respectively, for both WBPH nymphs and adults. The circulative transmission periods of the virus in WBPH ranged from 6 to 14 days, and most viruliferous individuals transmitted the virus in intermittent periods ranging from 2 to 6 days. A single individual of WBPH could infect 8–25 rice plants with the virus in a 5-day period. WBPH could transmit SRBSDV from rice to maize seedlings, but it was barely able to acquire the virus from infected maize. These results improve our understanding of the epidemiology of SRBSDV, and will be useful for development of disease control strategies.     

Biodegradable films based on rice starch and rice flour

Rice flour is a starchy material with low-cost, because it can be produced from rice that is broken during processing. The aim of this study was to develop biodegradable films based on rice starch and rice flour, and to characterize their physicochemical, microscopic and mechanical properties. Films from rice starch and rice flour were prepared by casting, with glycerol or sorbitol as plasticizer. SEM analysis of starch and flour films revealed compact structures. Rice flour films prepared in the present work have similar mechanical properties to those of starch based films. However, their water vapor permeabilities are two times higher than those of starch based films. Films with sorbitol were less permeable to water and more rigid, while films with glycerol are more plasticized and have poorer water vapor barrier properties. Therefore, preparing edible films from rice flour is a new alternative for using this raw material, which is sometimes much cheaper than commercial starches.     

Effect of hydrothermal treatment of rice flour on various rice noodles quality

The rice noodle industry in Thailand is facing problems regarding rice flour quality. This research aims to study the effects of hydrothermally modified rice flour on improving rice noodle quality. High-amylose rice flour (Chai Nat 1 variety) was modified using heat–moisture treatment (HMT) and annealing (ANN). Response surface methodology (RSM) with face-centered central composite design (FCCD) was applied to optimize the hydrothermal treatment condition. The effects of treatment conditions – moisture content; heating temperature and heating time on pasting; rheology; and textural properties of rice flour gel – were observed. A contour plot showed that all responses using HMT increased when moisture content and heating temperature increased. But heating time had no significant effect on response variables. ANN showed a lower response than HMT for all parameters. The optimum modified conditions were then matched with those of commercial flour for fresh, semi-dry and dry rice noodles; this showed no significant differences in texture or cooking quality (P≤0.05). The storage modulus (G′) after cooling of HMT (19,100 Pa) was much higher than that of ANN (5490 Pa). The differences in rheological properties of both treatments supported their proper uses to achieve various rice noodle qualities.     

野生稻的优异特性及其在水稻育种中的利用

本文综述了野生稻的的抗病虫性、抗逆性、优良的稻米品质、细胞质雄性不育性和强大的生长优势等优异性状及其近年来在水稻育种中的最新利用；通过辐射诱变和生物技术方法对野生稻资源进行创新利用。