赤霉素处理对马铃薯块茎低温糖化的效果

马铃薯块茎低温糖化现象除了直接受到淀粉和糖代谢相关酶如淀粉酶、酸性转化酶的活性影响外,也可能间接受到赤霉素和脱落酸等植物激素的调控。以马铃薯品种‘大西洋’块茎为试验材料,采用50 mmo L GA_3处理12 h后置于低温((4±0.5)℃)和室温((22±1)℃)条件下贮藏10 d,测定薯块的炸片色泽、还原糖含量、淀粉酶和酸性转化酶活性,研究赤霉素对马铃薯块茎低温糖化的影响。结果表明,GA_3处理使马铃薯块茎的炸片色泽加深,还原糖含量增加121.1%;同时,GA_3处理提高了淀粉酶的活性,而对酸性转化酶的活性没有影响。由此表明,GA_3可能通过提高马铃薯块茎淀粉酶的活性而使还原糖积累,从而导致炸片色泽加深即增强了低温糖化现象。     

马铃薯贮藏块茎低温糖化研究进展——(Ⅰ)生理生化机理

马铃薯低温贮藏造成还原糖积累是影响块茎加工品质最重要的因素,有关低温糖化机理一直是马铃薯品质改良研究的热点。本文总结了马铃薯基因型、环境因子、ABA和生物膜组成变化对还原糖积累的影响,重点从生理生化水平上探讨了块茎碳水化合物代谢路径变化与还原糖积累的关系,为抑制还原糖含量改良块茎品质打下了理论基础。     

马铃薯块茎低温糖化分子遗传学研究进展

薯片和薯条是风靡全球的马铃薯加工食品,但低温糖化长期困扰着马铃薯加工产业的发展。块茎的低温糖化是一个复杂的数量性状,分子遗传学的发展使得马铃薯数量性状的遗传定位得以实施。近年来,马铃薯低温糖化的遗传研究也取得了不错的进展,包括马铃薯遗传图谱构建和低温糖化相关性状的QTL定位,不同代谢途径上的候选基因的标记与低温糖化QTL共定位,这些研究成果将为进一步明确马铃薯低温糖化机制以及利用遗传定位候选基因标记构建马铃薯低温糖化分子标记辅助选择体系奠定基础。     

俄罗斯马铃薯育种的研究概况

20 0 2年 11月 2 0日至 12月 2 0日 ,黑龙江省农科院马铃薯育种代表团在俄罗斯洛耳赫全俄马铃薯研究所进行了为期一个月的关于马铃薯抗晚疫病育种、高淀粉育种及食品加工型马铃薯抗低温糖化育种的学习和考察。我们感到俄罗斯的马铃薯育种开展的比较系统 ,基础较好 ,许多经验可供借鉴。此外 ,由于气候和地理条件相似 ,直接引种利用也是可行的 ,为了分享我们的成果 ,现将有关情况介绍如下。1　俄罗斯马铃薯育种的研究历史俄罗斯的马铃薯育种起于 1919年 ,当时主要的研究部门是位于莫斯科郊区的科列涅沃马铃薯试验站。 192 2年至 192 9年育成了…     

马铃薯炸片颜色的研究进展

马铃薯炸片颜色是评价马铃薯炸片品质的主要指标, 其研究的学术价值和经济价值都是非常重大的。影响马铃薯炸片颜色的因素有很多, 其中块茎中还原糖含量是影响炸片颜色最重要的限制因素, 马铃薯炸片加工品种的选育主要围绕炸片颜色来进行, 马铃薯炸片颜色是遗传与环境共同作用的结果, 而遗传因子起着主导作用, 并据此对控制马铃薯炸片颜色的遗传机制进行了可行性分析和前景展望。     

马铃薯分子抗性育种研究进展

近年来干旱、低温、盐渍和病害等胁迫影响了马铃薯的生长,导致马铃薯严重减产。从马铃薯对逆境胁迫的生理响应,马铃薯育种情况,马铃薯在干旱、低温、盐渍和病害胁迫条件下的生理生化机制等方面,综述了国内外马铃薯的分子抗性育种研究进展。     

马铃薯炸片颜色的研究进展

马铃薯炸片颜色是评价马铃薯炸片品质的主要指标,其研究的学术价值和经济价值都是非常重大的。影响马铃薯炸片颜色的因素有很多,其中块茎中还原糖含量是影响炸片颜色最重要的限制因素,马铃薯炸片加工品质的选炸片颜色来进行,马铃薯炸片颜色是遗传与环境共同作用的结果,而遗传因子起着主导作用,并据此对控制马铃薯炸片颜色的遗传机制进行了可行性分析和前景展望 。     

马铃薯炸片种质克P06-4-58的选育与评价

20世纪80年代,我国马铃薯育种和种质资源创新都是以高产、抗病、早熟和鲜食为选育目标;然而,进入21世纪以来,随着马铃薯加工业的不断发展、国内外客商的纷纷投资办厂,市场上对适合各种马铃薯加工品种的需求量越来越大，尤其是适合油炸、低还原糖、低温抗糖化的品种。     

“大西洋”马铃薯化控防病高产栽培技术

近些年来,随着马铃薯加工业的兴起,对炸片马铃薯品种的市场需求也更加迫切。我国马铃薯炸片专用品种的选育工作相对滞后,至今仍没有比较过硬的炸片专用品种。我国各大马铃薯育种单位纷纷从国外引入成型的马铃薯炸片专用品种在我国直接种植。“大西洋”马铃薯就是在这种情况下从美国引入我国的。但由于该品种在国外都是在良好的系统防病环境中生长的,因而在我国粗放的马铃薯种植方式的环境下,表现出了很大的不适应性,如:种薯退化速度快,植株和块茎感染晚疫病等,严重地影响了在我国的推广种植面积。针对这种情况,我们从1998年开始系统地研究了…     

马铃薯块茎“低温糖化”机理的研究及进展

马铃薯块茎“低温糖化”机理的研究及进展陈芳胡小松（中国农业大学食品学院北京１０００９４）马铃薯（ＳｏｌａｎｕｍｔｕｂｅｒｏｓｕｍＬ．）为茄科茄属多年生草本块茎植物,是一种分布广泛、适应性强、产量高、营养丰富的宜粮、宜菜、宜饲、宜做工业原料等具有多种用...     

Predictive Markers for Cold-Induced Sweetening Resistance in Cold Stored Potatoes (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Solanum tuberosum</Emphasis> L.)

An approach has been developed to screen a large number of potato clones for cold induced sweetening (CIS) resistance in breeding programs. Two key enzymes responsible for reducing sugar accumulation during cold storage were identified. Clones with the A-II isozymes of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase coupled with low activity of vacuolar acid invertase enzyme had increased resistance to CIS by forming less suc, which is subsequently hydrolyzed to the undesirable reducing sugars, glc and fru. Six named cultivars and 192 genetically diverse clones from various breeding programs in USA were analyzed over two years for the two key enzymes and sugar concentration in cold stored tubers. The predictability for CIS resistance during cold storage was 94% both years. Clones classified as class A accumulated low concentration of reducing sugar glc during cold storage. It is suggested that these two predictor enzymes can be used for screening parents and selections in potato breeding program.     

马铃薯资源抗旱性鉴定和筛选

干旱是马铃薯生产的重要限制因子之一.本研究利用42个马铃薯材料(品种),采用正常浇水和干旱胁迫两种理,对供试材料进行了抗旱能力评价.结果表明:虎头和高原7号等四倍体品种以及CE 66和HS 66等二倍体材料抗旱能力较强,其中高原7号和虎头等品种在干旱胁迫下表现出了较高产量,适宜应用于抗旱育种.干旱胁迫下,植株株高普遍降...     

Germplasm Enhancement and Breeding Strategies for Crop Quality in Japan

Abstract

Rice is the staple food for most Asians. Breeding efforts at the national and international levels have resulted in high-yielding varieties with resistance/tolerance to biotic and abiotic constraints. Consequently Asia has enjoyed rice self-sufficiency in recent years. Now in some countries over-production of rice has occurred, partly because of reduced rice consumption. For instance, in 1962 Japan had a per capita rice consumption of 118.3 kg and then this rapidly declined to about 60kg in 2003. Imbalances between production and consumption in rice and other crops have promoted a paradigm shift of breeding objectives oriented from producers to consumers. Germplasm enhancement (pre-breeding) and breeding strategies now focus on a broad range of crop and food qualities, which are closely associated with industrial and processing properties and human health and nutrition. In particular, physiological functions of chemical compounds involved in crop products are being studied as a part of breeding programs. Diverse plant genetic resources and advances in plant genome research have contributed to successful breeding strategies to improve and manage crop and food quality. Recent progress in germplasm enhancement and breeding strategies for quality improvement of rice, wheat, soybean and sweet potato in Japan is discussed.     

野生马铃薯材料耐霜冻性评价

在自然霜冻条件下,对4个种(Solanum acaule,S.demissum,S.infundibuliforme,S.tuberosum)的25份马铃薯材料进行耐霜冻性评价。应用系统聚类分析的方法对这些材料进行分级聚类,使其归属于3个等级,分别是:强耐、中耐霜冻和霜冻敏感。其中强耐霜冻的材料有4份,中耐霜冻的有16份,霜冻敏感的有5份。筛选出的强耐霜冻材料有利于对马铃薯栽培种的耐冻性改良。     

Relationship between potato cyst nematodes and their principal host. IV. Tolerance of potato cultivars and the effect of potato cyst nematode on initial plant growth

Summary Greenhouse experiments on the effects of white potato cyst nematode infestations (Globodera pallida Stone) on initial growth and development of a series of potato cultivars are compared with the results of field experiments on sandy and sandy-peat soils on the effect of nematode density on tuber yield. A simple greenhouse test, assessing root growth response to potato cyst nematode infection, provided a good insight into a cultivar's tolerance performance in the field early in the growing season. As a very limited number of plants is needed for the greenhouse test, screening for tolerance can be conducted in the early stages of a breeding programme.     

Potato Breeding and Seed Production System Development in Russia

First, an extensive literature review was performed with respect to Potato virus Y (PVY) resistance sources and their further utilization in a breeding programme. On the basis of that review we present a scheme of backcrossing and new cultivar creation on the basis of five detected sources of PVY resistance and one source of Potato virus X resistance. Some cultivar pedigrees are presented reflecting the differences in the breeding strategies. Moreover, results of investigations on some polygenic traits such as field resistance against late blight and starch content are presented. For these purposes progenies were screened for suitable recombinant genotypes which were used in further crossings. Also the results of investigations on resistance to the potato golden nematode and on the selection of cultivars suitable for processing are briefly analysed. We also describe a programme of parallel evaluation of identical hybrid populations in different soils and climatic zones. The development of seed potato production systems facilitated the conditions to improve the quality of potato seed material, to increase potato production and to allow Russia to participate in the international potato market. Systems of virus detection, norms and methods of laboratory tests as well as requirements for quality and tolerance levels of different seed classes (generations) were unified and harmonized with European systems.     

马铃薯亲本材料试管苗的耐盐性筛选

用含0%、0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%5种NaCI浓度的修改MS培养基胁迫马铃薯品种资源脱毒试管苗的方法,鉴定和筛选了35份不同熟期马铃薯亲本材料的耐盐性,筛选结果:耐盐级别为4(即0.2%盐浓度下仍然存活)的亲本材料11份,耐盐级别为3(即0.4%盐浓度下仍然存活)的亲本材料3份,耐盐级别为2(即0.6%盐浓度下仍然存活)的亲本材料2份,耐盐级别为1(即0.8%盐浓度下仍然存活)的亲本材料3份。     

应用生理学方法和分子手段进行玉米抗旱育种

干旱是包括中国在内的世界上大多数玉米生产国家的重要农业灾害之一,解决干旱问题的有效途径包括培育抗旱型和节水型的玉米杂交种.多年来,通过常规手段进行玉米抗旱育种取得了一定进展,但由于多方面原因,其育种效率没有得到进一步提高.而与此同时,对玉米在干旱胁迫下的生理生化途径研究很多,其成果可以为抗旱育种提供理论指导;尤其是近年来应用分子标记技术和基因组学技术对玉米抗旱性进行了深入的遗传剖析,其研究结果也为玉米抗旱分子育种提供了新的手段和思路.同时评述了相关研究领域的进展,并讨论今后的发展趋势。     

Potato Common Scab: a Review of the Causal Pathogens,Management Practices,Varietal Resistance Screening Methods,and Host Resistance

Potato common scab is a widespread disease in which scab-like lesions develop on tubers. The disease is caused by pathogenic Streptomyces species, which synthesize the phytotoxin thaxtomin. The txtAB operon, responsible for thaxtomin production, can be used as a marker to identify pathogenic strains of the bacterium. Screening methods to assess scab susceptibility in breeding programs are time-consuming and can produce variable results. Management practices to control the disease vary and include crop rotation, tolerant varieties, monitoring soil pH, avoiding low soil moisture at tuber initiation, and application of soil- and/or seed-applied pesticides. There is a wide range in levels of tolerance among potato varieties. Many public research programs are committed to breeding for scab-tolerant varieties and evaluating management methods. Topics reviewed target readers focused on breeding and disease management objectives to reduce the incidence and severity of potato common scab.     

Rice and cold stress: methods for its evaluation and summary of cold tolerance-related quantitative trait loci

Cold stress adversely affects rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth and productivity, and has so far determined its geographical distribution. Dissecting cold stress-mediated physiological changes and understanding their genetic causes will facilitate the breeding of rice for cold tolerance. Here, we review recent progress in research on cold stress-mediated physiological traits and metabolites, and indicate their roles in the cold-response network and cold-tolerance evaluation. We also discuss criteria for evaluating cold tolerance and evaluate the scope and shortcomings of each application. Moreover, we summarize research on quantitative trait loci (QTL) related to cold stress at the germination, seedling, and reproductive stages that should provide useful information to accelerate progress in breeding cold-tolerant rice.