Newly synthesized palm esters for cosmetics industry

Palm esters were synthesized through enzymatic transesterification of various palm oil fractions with oleyl alcohol using Lipozyme RM IM as the catalyst. At the optimized alcoholysis reaction condition, after 5 h reaction time all palm oil fractions exhibited a high percentage yields of esters (>80%). Simultaneous differential scanning calorimeter-thermal gravity analysis showed a high thermal stability profile of palm esters. Other physicochemical properties of palm esters such as refractive index, density, surface tension, slip melting point, saponification value, iodine value and acid value were analyzed following standard test methods modified from the American Oil Chemists’ Society standards. The dermal irritation assay of palm oil esters shows the non-irritancy of the esters with a Human Irritancy Equivalent (HIE) score below 0.9. Furthermore, an increase in skin hydration of 40.7% after 90 min after application in an acute moisturizing test, has proven the suitably of palm oil esters to be used in the cosmetics formulation.     

油棕的综合利用

叙述了油棕的主要产品棕榈油在餐饮业、食品制造业和工业上的应用,以及油棕副产品、油棕树的树叶、树干等的利用状态,并对油棕的综合利用进行了展望。     

棕榈油制备生物柴油的研究

以精制棕榈油、无水乙醇为原料,NaOH为催化剂,制备得到一种新型生物柴油。采用正交试验研究了反应物配比、催化剂用量、温度、反应时间等因素对产物产率的影响,得出了最佳合成条件,并运用气相色谱质谱技术分析了产物的结构和组成,结果表明,该生物柴油符合GB/T 20828-2007《柴油机燃料调和用生物柴油》,接近美国和德国的生物柴油标准,基本符合GB 252-2000《轻柴油》。可以替代柴油在柴油发动机中使用,满足普通柴油机的要求。     

Methyl ester of Sal oil (Shorea robusta) as a substitute to diesel fuel—A study on its preparation, performance and emissions in direct injection diesel engine

Many research reported vegetable oil as a potential substitute for diesel engines with its ester form known as biodiesel. The biodiesel can be prepared by different process using vegetable oil and alcohol. The common process used for biodiesel preparation is known as transesterification. This paper presents the transesterification of Sal oil (Shorea robusta) into Sal oil methyl ester (SOME) and its performance in direct injection diesel engine. Several process parameters such as catalyst quantity, molar ratio of alcohol, reaction temperature and reaction time were studied and the optimized process conditions are amount of catalyst (NaOH) - 0.25 wt%, alcohol (methanol) - 150% excess, reaction temperature - 65 °C and reaction time - 1.5 h. The studies with SOME as fuel in the direct injection diesel engine shows that the exhaust emissions such as CO, HC and NO_x are reduced by 25%, 45% and 12%, respectively compared to diesel without significant difference in thermal efficiency. Based on this study it is concluded that the SOME can be used as fuel without any modifications in the engine and hence this biodiesel can be a potential substitute to standard diesel fuel.     

Reactivity of red palm oil and cyanide ion: Implications for the cyanogen content of palm oil-treated gari

Red palm oil was tested for the reactivity of its components with CN^-, and alkaline picrate as the color developing reagent. Palm oil components have a low-level absorbance at 490 nm which is reduced significantly (p0.01) after reaction with CN^-. Hydrolysis of palm oil components, and reaction of the hydrolysis products with CN^- significantly increased the absorbance at 490 nm. In contrast, after reaction of palm oil with alkaline picrate, the absorbance at 490 nm is very high; this is reduced significantly by reaction with CN^-, hydrolysis with 0.2 M NaOH , and reaction of the hydrolysis products with CN^- before treatment with alkaline picrate. The results indicate that palm oil component(s) sequester CN^- into a complex which may not be correctly estimated during cyanide quantification, resulting in the absence, or low levels of cyanide in palm oil-fried gari as earlier reported.     

Preparation of biodiesel from Idesia polycarpa var. vestita fruit oil

The feasibility of producing biodiesel from Idesia polycarpa var. vestita fruit oil was studied. A methyl ester biodiesel was prepared from refined I. polycarpa fruit oil using methanol and potassium hydroxide (KOH) in an alkali-catalyzed transesterification process. The experimental variables investigated in this study were catalyst concentration (0.5–2.0 wt.% of oil), methanol/oil molar ratio (4.5:1 to 6.5:1), temperature (20–60 °C) and reaction time (20–60 min). A maximum yield of over 99% of methyl esters in I. polycarpa fruit oil biodiesel was achieved using a 6:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil, 1.0% KOH (% oil) and reaction time for 40 min at 30 °C. The properties of I. polycarpa fruit oil methyl esters produced under optimum conditions were also analyzed for specifications for biodiesel as fuel in diesel engines according to China Biofuel Systems Standards. The fuel properties of the I. polycarpa fruit oil biodiesel obtained are similar to the No. 0 light diesel fuel and most of the parameters comply with the limits established by specifications for biodiesel.     

Microemulsion-based palm kernel oil extraction using mixed surfactant solutions

This study introduces a novel technique using surfactant microemulsion-based oil seed extraction. To achieve this objective, microemulsion formation with palm kernel oil was studied first. Then, the selected microemulsion system was used for palm kernel extraction. The results showed that the mixed surfactant of 3 wt% Comperlan KD and either 0.1 wt% Alfoterra145-5PO or 145-8PO provided an ultralow interfacial tension with the palm kernel oil (0.0197 and 0.0359 mN/m, respectively). By using those two aqueous surfactant systems for palm kernel oil extraction, the extraction efficiency was 93.99 and 94.13% at the optimum crushed kernel size between 0.212 and 0.425 mm, using 1 g seed load to 10 ml of solution and 30 min of contact time. The extracted oil quality was evaluated for water content, fatty acids composition and surfactant partitioning into oil phase. The results showed that the quality of the oil obtained using the surfactant microemulsion-based technique is of similar or better quality than when extracted by hexane solvent.     

Palm oil and soybean oil as fry fats: Sensory acceptability of a deep-fat fried Nigerian snack food

The objective of the project was to compare the acceptability of a African snack product, chin-chin, when fried in soybean, palm, palm olein and palm stearin oils. Forty complete responses were obtained from volunteer judges who were attending an agricultural exposition sponsored by the University of Nebraska. After tasting all products, the judges gave slightly better rating scores to the palm stearin fried chin-chin than to the soybean oil fried products (p<0.10) with the palm olein and palm oil fried products being given intermediate scores. The forced ranking evaluation gave directionally similar results but, because of smaller variation among scores, these differences were significantly different at thep<0.05 level. Since differences in acceptability scores were very small, these results suggest that improvement in nutritional value achieved by feeding a less saturated oil (soybean oil) may be worth the slight decline in taste/odor acceptability in comparison to a more highly saturated fry fat (palm olein oil).     

Oil palm fiber (OPF) and its composites: A review

Twenty first century has witnessed remarkable achievements in green technology in material science through the development of biocomposites. Oil palm fiber (OPF) extracted from the empty fruit bunches is proven as a good raw material for biocomposites. The cellulose content of OPF is in the range of 43%–65% and lignin content is in the range of 13%–25%. A compilation of the morphology, chemical constituents and properties of OPF as reported by various researchers are collected and presented in this paper. The suitability of OPF in various polymeric matrices such as natural rubber, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, phenol formaldehyde, polyurethane, epoxy, polyester, etc. to form biocomposites as reported by various researchers in the recent past is compiled. The properties of these composites viz., physical, mechanical, water sorption, thermal, degradation, electrical properties, etc. are summerised. Oil palm fiber loading in some polymeric matrices improved the strength of the resulting composites whereas less strength was observed in some cases. The composites became more hydrophilic upon addition of OPF. However treatments on fiber surface improved the composite properties. Alkali treatment on OPF is preferred for improving the fiber–matrix adhesion compared to other treatments. The effect of various treatments on the properties of OPF and that of resulting composites reported by various researchers is compiled in this paper. The thermal stability, dielectric constant, electrical conductivity, etc. of the composites improved upon incorporation of OPF. The strength properties reduced upon weathering/degradation. Sisal fiber was reported as a good combination with OPF in hybrid composites.     

Synthesis of novel alkoxylated triacylglycerols and their lubricant base oil properties

Development and application of bio-based fluids in industrial and automotive sectors are rapidly increasing due to their non-toxic and biodegradable character unlike mineral oil-based products. Synthetic lubricant base fluid with improved high and low-temperature stability was prepared by chemical modification of epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO). The reaction was carried out in two-steps: (i) synthesis of dihydroxylated soybean oil from ESBO with HClO₄, (ii) reaction of acetic, butyric and hexanoic anhydride with the dihydroxylated product. The composition of the reaction products were confirmed by NMR and FTIR analysis. Chain length variation of the anhydrides used in the synthesis resulted in base fluids with different physical and chemical properties. Low-temperature stability was excellent for hexanoic anhydride derivative. When compared with SBO, thermal and oxidative stabilities were improved. Viscosity, volatility and other lubricant base oil properties were evaluated qualitatively. Bio-fluids based on this chemical modification offer great potential for the development of industrial fluids and products based on such fluids.     

Polymers and polymer building blocks from meadowfoam oil

Meadowfoam oil methyl ester was metathetically cleaved with ethylene catalyzed by Re₂O₇–B₂O₃/Al₂O₃–SiO₂ + SnBu₄ or bis(tricyclohexyl phosphine) benzylidene ruthenium dichloride yielding -olefins, ,ω-dienes and 5-hexenoic acid methyl ester as the main product. The corresponding ω-epoxy fatty acid ester was achieved by chemoenzymatic epoxidation with H₂O₂ in the presents of Novozym^® 435. Glutaric acid mono methyl ester was synthesized by ruthenium-catalyzed oxidative cleavage with peracetic acid. Hydrocarboxylation with carbon monoxide/methanol yielded pimelic acid dimethyl ester. Metathetical dimerization of 5-hexenoic acid methyl ester yielded 5-decen-dioic acid dimethyl ester, which was subsequently polycondensed with ethylene glycole and 1,4-butanediol to high molecular weight polyesters. The ω-unsaturated ester was directly copolymerized with ethylene by an insertion-type palladium-catalyzed reaction to a high molecular weight functional polyolefin. The 5-epoxy hexanoic acid ester was polymerized to a comb like polyether.     

Evaluation of Camelina sativa oil as a feedstock for biodiesel production

The oilseed crop Camelina sativa (camelina) has lower production costs than oilseed rape in some climates. For this reason, the production of biodiesel-grade methyl ester from camelina oil was evaluated. The evaluation included quality assessment of esters produced in laboratory and pilot plant, an examination of methods of improving ester low-temperature properties, and vehicle trials. Laboratory esterifications gave ester yields similar to rape-seed oil. Six 350 kg batches of unrefined camelina oil with acid values from 3 to 6 were esterified in a pilot plant. Ester-specific properties were satisfactory with one exception; the iodine number of 155 far exceeded the value of 120 required by the relevant EU standard. Fuel-specific properties of the camelina methyl esters were largely within specification, though low-temperature behaviour could be a problem in some climates. This problem could be overcome by the use of suitable pour-point depressants or by blending with diesel oil. In vehicle tests, the reduction in fuel economy with camelina ester was similar to that with biodiesel from other feedstocks. The high iodine number of camelina methyl ester did not lead to a more rapid deterioration of the lubricating oil. However, it was concluded that further engine trials would be needed before the use of camelina ester as an undiluted vehicle fuel could be recommended.     

Synthesis of Jatropha curcas oil-based biodiesel in a pulsed loop reactor

Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) has a high content of free fatty acids and has been used extensively as a feedstock in biodiesel production. In the present study, the transesterification reaction of JCO to Jatropha curcas methyl ester (biodiesel) was performed in a continuous pulsed loop reactor under atmospheric conditions. The JCO was pre-treated prior to the reaction to reduce the free fatty acid content to below 1% (w/w). The operating parameters of the loop reactor were optimised based on the conversion of the JCO to Jatropha curcas biodiesel and included reaction temperature, molar ratio of oil to MeOH, reaction time and oscillation frequency. The findings show that the highest reaction conversion of 99.7% (w/w) was achieved using KOH catalyst and 98.8% conversion was obtained using NaOCH₃ catalyst. The optimal operating conditions were a molar ratio of 6:1, an oscillation frequency of 6 Hz, temperature of 60 °C, feedstock FFA content of 0.5% (w/w) and only 10 min of reaction time. As a commercial commodity, the physical properties of biodiesel were analysed, and they compared well with the characteristics of fossil-based diesel fuel.     

Transesterification of epoxidized soybean oil to prepare epoxy methyl esters

Epoxidized methyl esters were prepared by the transesterification of epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO). The transesterification was complete in 10 min at 50 °C without loss of the epoxide function. Epoxidized methyl esters represent a renewable substrate that is readily converted into surfactants, fuel additives, and other industrial products. The implementation of this reaction will increase the availability of epoxidized methyl esters and promote the development of new biobased products.     

Maleo- and fumaro-pimaric acids synthesized from Indonesian Pinus merkusii rosin and their sizing properties

This research is directed at characterizing purified maleopimaric acid (MPA), looking at the amount of MPA and fumaropimaric acid (FPA) made from a large amount of rosin and maleic anhydride (MA) or fumaric acid (FA) with various molar ratios and sources of rosin and evaluating the properties of fortified rosin sizes made from both MPA and FPA. Results showed that identification of the Diels-Alder adduct of abietic acid and maleic anhydride using Mass spectrometry produced a mixture of endo-maleopimaric acid methyl ester with endo-maleopimaric acid tri methyl ester, as indicated by a fragment ion at m/z = 146 with a molecular weight of 414 and fragment ions at m/z = 121, 187, 316 and 386, denoting an endo-maleopimaric acid methyl ester. A fragment ion at m/z = 146 with a molecular weight of 460 and other fragment ions at m/z = 187, 121, 400 and 428 indicated endo-maleopimaric tri methyl ester. Using a large amount of rosin as a raw material to produce MPA, the equation Y = -0.8475 X2 + 10.448X - 9.7125, at a reaction temperature of 200 degrees C is still relevant as it denoted that a molar ratio of 1:6.2 (rosin and MA) is the best. However, the equation Y = -0.46X2 + 5.268X - 4.47 did not apply to FPA. Using a large amount of rosin, an increase in the molar ratio led to an increase in FPA products. In terms of free rosin and pH, the maleo-and fumaro-pimaric rosin sizes have met the requirement of Indonesian national standards for paste rosin size. In terms of free alkali property, the maleo- and fumaro-pimaric rosin sizes were better than the free alkali of the commercial forms.     

响应面法优化大豆油脂肪酸乙酯合成工艺

以大豆油为原料,KOH作催化剂,通过大豆油与乙醇的酯交换反应合成了大豆油脂肪酸乙酯。应用响应曲面分析法中的Box-behnken模型对影响大豆油脂肪酸乙酯转化率的四个主要因素(催化剂用量、醇油摩尔比、反应温度、反应时间)进行了优化。研究表明大豆油脂肪酸乙酯的最佳合成工艺条件为:KOH用量1.3%,醇油比8.3∶1,反应温度74.8℃,反应时间130min。在此条件下,酯转化率达98.93%。     

90份油棕种质资源主要农艺性状的遗传多样性分析

为了对油棕种质资源进行深入、高效的利用,本研究对新引进的9个油棕品种,90份油棕种质资源的20个农艺性状进行田间观测和记录,分析其遗传多样性及亲缘关系。结果表明：90份材料果穗重的遗传多样性指数最高（3.26）,最小的为果实形状（0.865）。不同性状的变异系数不同,最大的为果穗重（43.99）,茎高的变异系数最小（10.41）。通过主成分分析提取了5个主要因子,分别为株高、果穗重、果实总重量、果肉含油率及种仁含油率,累计贡献率为70.272%。通过聚类分析,将供试材料分为4大类群,其中类群I的36份油棕材料总体表现为矮株、矮茎、产油量高、棕榈油品质较好的品种,是选育高含油量、高品质棕榈油的理想材料。     

茶籽油制备生物柴油工艺研究

以茶树[Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze]茶籽油为原料,研究了茶籽油甲酯化制备生物柴油的工艺条件。在单因素试验的基础上,选取反应温度、催化剂用量（占精炼油质量百分比）、反应时间和醇油摩尔比为影响因子,以酯交换率为响应值,应用Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计建立数学模型,进行响应面分析。结果表明,茶籽油制备生物柴油的最佳工艺条件为：反应温度58℃、催化剂用量1.05%、反应时间66min、醇油摩尔比9.7∶1。在此条件下,酯交换率达到98.73%。对生物柴油进行红外光谱和GC-MS分析,产品质量达到国家生物柴油标准。     

Acetylation of Jute fiber to improve oil absorbency

Raw Jute was modified by acetylation process with acetic anhydride using N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) as a catalyst in a solvent free system which was found to be effective catalyst. The reaction parameters were optimized which were found to be time 1 h, temperature 120 °C, catalyst concentration 2 %, and solid to liquid ratio 1:20. The product so formed was characterized by FT-IR and TG and its degree of acetylation was also evaluated. The extent of acetylation was measured by weight percent gain (WPG). Acetylation resulted in significant increase in hydrophobic properties of the jute fiber. The oil sorption capacity of the acetylated jute was higher than that of the commercial synthetic oil sorbents such as polypropylene fibers as well as raw jute. Therefore, these oil sorption-active materials which are also biodegradable can be used to substitute non-biodegradable synthetic materials in oil spill cleanup.     

新型花生内源特异参照基因的开发与应用研究

一个物种的内源特异参照基因是该物种区别其它物种的特异性标志之一。本研究通过对GeneBank中花生基因信息的检索分析,筛选出花生几丁质酶基因chi2.2作为该物种内源特异参照基因的候选基因。通过对该基因的特定区域设计引物,建立了花生产品特异性定性PCR检测方法。利用该方法分别对16个花生品种的DNA进行PCR扩增,均能扩增出81bp的片段。利用相同引物分别对其他油料作物、粮食作物和蔬菜等（油菜,大豆,芝麻,向日葵,油棕,棉花,水稻,玉米,长豆角,豌豆,土豆,萝卜,辣椒,茄子,拟南芥,烟草）的DNA进行PCR扩增,均未发现特异性扩增产物。 结果表明,本研究建立的花生产品检测方法具有很好的物种特异性,且其灵敏度达到0.05ng基因组DNA。该方法可用于花生源成分鉴定,如确定食品中是否含有花生源成分,本研究为识别掺假使杂和保障食品安全提供有效手段。