小麦籽粒清蛋白和球蛋白表达对干旱胁迫的响应

为了解干旱胁迫对小麦籽粒灌浆期蛋白表达的影响,以强筋优质小麦品种藁城8901为材料,采用双向电泳以及质谱鉴定分析了干旱胁迫和正常生长条件下成熟籽粒清蛋白和球蛋白表达谱的差异。结果表明,与正常生长条件相比,干旱胁迫后,小麦籽粒出现130个差异蛋白质点。通过MALDI TOF-TOF质谱鉴定和数据库搜索,最终成功鉴定出57个差异蛋白,其中上调表达29个,下调表达19个,特异表达7个,沉默表达2个;涉及ADP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶、α-淀粉酶抑制剂、过氧化还原酶、β-淀粉酶、二硫键异构酶、丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂、超氧化物歧化酶等13种蛋白质,其中代谢类10个,能量类2个,蛋白质加工和储藏6个,病害防御相关17个,转录1个,功能未知和假定蛋白21个。说明干旱胁迫影响小麦籽粒灌浆期的多个代谢途径,进而影响小麦产量和品质。     

PEG 6000胁迫对小麦三叶期蛋白表达的影响

为了探索干旱胁迫下小麦蛋白质表达的变化,选取旱地品种烟D27、 陕优225和水地品种新麦18、小偃22、1031为材料,在小麦三叶期,用18%和35%两种浓度的聚乙二醇(PEG6000)模拟干旱胁迫,处理待试小麦24 h后,用TCA丙酮法提取叶片全蛋白,通过SDSPAGE电泳分析小麦在干旱胁迫后的蛋白质带谱,并运用高效液相色谱质谱联用技术鉴定了新麦18的35.0 kD干旱敏感蛋白条带。结果表明,PEG6000胁迫后分子量28.0 kD蛋白在水地品种中消失,在旱地品种中正常表达或诱导表达。此外,干旱胁迫使抗旱品种烟D27诱导产生33.0和23.0 kD干旱应答蛋白条带,导致抗旱性弱的水地品种新麦18的35.0 kD蛋白条带消失。对新麦18的 35.0 kD蛋白条带进行液相色谱分离结合质谱分析后发现其含有17种与基本生命活动有关的蛋白,这些蛋白与小麦对干旱胁迫的适应性代谢调节有关。     

PEG-6000胁迫对小麦三叶期蛋白表达的影响

为了探索干旱胁迫下小麦蛋白质表迭的变化,选取旱地品种蝈D27、陕优225和水地品种新麦18、小偃22、10-31为材料,在小麦三叶期,用18%和35%两种浓度的聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫,处理待试小麦24 h后,月TCA丙酮法提取叶片全蛋白,通过SDS-PAGE电泳分析小麦在干旱胁迫后的蛋白质带谱,并运用高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术鉴定了新麦18的35.0 kD干旱敏感蛋白条带.结果表明,PEG6000胁迫后分子量28.0 kD蛋白在水地品种中消失,在旱地品种中正常表达或诱导表达.此外,干旱胁迫使抗旱品种烟D27诱导产生33.0和23.0 kD干旱应答蛋白务带,导致抗旱性弱的水地品种新麦18的35.0 kD蛋白条带消失.对新麦18的35.0 kD蛋白条带进行液相色谱分离结合质谱分析后发现其含有17种与基本生命活动有关的蛋白,这些蛋白与小麦对干旱胁迫的适应性代谢调节有关.     

晋麦47幼苗叶片水分胁迫差异表达蛋白的鉴定与分析

为了从蛋白质水平进一步揭示小麦抗旱机理,以旱地小麦品种晋麦47为试验材料,采用蛋白质双向电泳技术,结合质谱鉴定技术,研究幼苗在正常供水与水分胁迫(-0.5 MPa的PEG-6000溶液处理48h)后叶片蛋白质组表达谱间的差异,分析水分胁迫差异表达的蛋白种类及其功能.研究发现,在正常供水和水分胁迫处理两种条件下,幼苗叶片蛋白的双向电泳图谱均可重复检测到850个蛋白点;31个蛋白点在两种供水水平间表达量存在显著差异,其中17个蛋白点在水分胁迫处理下表达量明显增加,14个蛋白点表达量明显减少.对这些蛋白点进行肽指纹图谱分析,并利用Mascot软件在NCBInr数据库搜索,最终有26个蛋白点被成功鉴定;其中,未知功能蛋白7个;已知功能蛋白19个,主要涉及能量、代谢、抗病与防御、细胞结构、转录与翻译以及信号转导等功能类别.结果表明,小麦体内的多个代谢及调控途径参与了对干旱的应激反应.最后,本文还对鉴定到的差异蛋白点与水分胁迫的关系进行了分析和讨论.     

低温-干旱交叉胁迫对东农冬麦1号地下茎蛋白表达的影响

为给寒地冬小麦抗逆性的分子育种提供依据,采用蛋白质双向电泳及质谱技术,对不同低温-干旱交叉胁迫下抗寒品种东农冬麦1号地下茎的蛋白质表达进行了比较分析。结果表明,在pH 4~7范围内,在东农冬麦1号地下茎蛋白表达图谱中发现25个蛋白点在低温-干旱交叉作用下的表达量与单独低温胁迫下有明显差异,其中9个蛋白点在干旱-低温交叉作用下表达量上调,16个下调。对差异蛋白点进行质谱分析,并通过数据库检索进行蛋白质鉴定,得到完整的肽指纹图谱,其中逆境诱导蛋白占26%,代谢相关蛋白占38%。     

PEG-6000干旱胁迫对小麦三叶期蛋白表达的影响

为了探索小麦在正常情况和干旱胁迫下的蛋白质表达变化,选取旱地品种烟D27、 陕优225和水地品种新麦18、小偃22、10-31为材料,在小麦三叶期,用18%和35%两种浓度的聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)干旱胁迫,处理待试小麦24 h后,收获处理的叶片。TCA丙酮法提取叶片全蛋白,通过SDS-PAGE分析小麦在干旱胁迫后蛋白质的表达变化。并运用高效液相色谱－质谱联用技术鉴定了新麦18的35.0kD水分敏感诱导蛋白条带。结果表明,PEG-6000胁迫后分子量28.0 kD蛋白在水地品种中消失,在抗旱品种中正常表达或诱导表达。此外,抗旱品种烟D27诱导出33.0kD和23.0 kD干旱应答蛋白条带;水地品种新麦18的35.0kD蛋白条带消失。对新麦18的 35.0kD蛋白条带进行液相色谱分离结合质谱分析后发现其含有17种与基本生命活动有关的蛋白,这些蛋白与小麦对干旱胁迫的适应性代谢调节有关。     

药隔至开花期低温对小麦产量和生理特性的影响

为明确小麦药隔期、孕穗期和开花期三个阶段低温对麦穗的伤害以及小麦对低温的生理响应,以春性品种扬麦16和半冬性品种徐麦30为试验材料,利用人工气候室模拟低温逆境,研究药隔期、孕穗期和开花期低温处理后小麦产量和生理特性的变化。结果表明,药隔期-2℃胁迫24h,穗数显著下降,两品种产量平均下降了25.62%;孕穗期0℃胁迫24h,穗数和穗粒数显著下降,产量平均降低了21.00%;开花期6℃胁迫48h,粒重显著下降,产量降低了12.28%。三个阶段低温处理后,叶片可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸、脱落酸及丙二醛含量随胁迫程度的加重而升高;赤霉素(GA3)含量下降。药隔期、孕穗期低温迫胁后,两品种单株钾、钙及钼的积累量较对照上升,随着胁迫时间的延长,钾、钙的积累量下降;开花期低温胁迫下植株钾、钙的积累量较对照先升后降,钼积累量较对照呈下降趋势。三个阶段低温处理后徐麦30的应激反应虽强于扬麦16,但药隔期、孕穗期低温对徐麦30幼穗伤害重于扬麦16,产量降幅也略高于扬麦16。     

低温胁迫对小麦叶绿素荧光参数及产量的响应

为了解小麦低温胁迫后叶绿素荧光特性及产量的变化特征,以新麦26和郑麦366为供试材料,在拔节期进行3个梯度的低温处理(分别为5℃、0℃和-5℃),处理时间均为10 h,以自然生长(10℃)为对照(CK),研究低温胁迫对小麦叶绿素荧光参数及产量的响应。结果表明,与CK相比,低温胁迫导致小麦株高、倒一至倒三节间长、叶片SPAD值、F_v/F_m、Φ_(PSⅡ)、穗粒数、千粒重和单株产量均降低,且对新麦26的影响总体上大于郑麦366,其中低温胁迫后新麦26和郑麦366的单株产量分别减少29.58%～55.52%和23.65%～47.95%。此外,低温胁迫对小麦的伤害程度与温度有关,在本试验条件下,-5℃低温胁迫的影响最大。这说明拔节期低温会影响小麦植株生长发育、光合和产量形成。     

晋麦47幼苗中一个水分胁迫应答蛋白的SDS-PAGE和Nano LC-MS/MS鉴定

水分胁迫应答蛋白的表达与小麦品种的抗旱性密切相关。为了明确与抗旱相关的水分胁迫D-应答蛋白的表达特点及蛋白组成,对小麦品种晋麦47幼苗进行不同供水量处理,应用SDS-PAGE、纳升级液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱联用技术(Nano LC-MS/MS),分析了水分胁迫D-应答蛋白条带表达量的变化和蛋白组成。SDS-PAGE检测结果表明,水分胁迫D-应答蛋白条带在-0.5 MPa PEG-6000水溶液胁迫下,6 h出现可见表达,胁迫至48 h时表达量最大,之后,此蛋白条带的表达量又逐渐下降;幼苗胁迫48 h后恢复正常供水,复水72 h后该蛋白消失。切取正常供水和胁迫处理两个条件下SDS-PAGE胶差异表达蛋白条带,经质谱分析分别获得两个阳性结果,且正常供水和PEG-6000胁迫两种处理条件下D-应答蛋白组成一致,均由核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶大亚基和磷酸甘油酸变位酶组成(P<0.05);PEG-6000胁迫条件下两个蛋白(亚基)的鉴定得分分别为1 632和88,覆盖率分别为30%和21%;在鉴定的肽段中,有65个肽段同属于核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶大亚基,其中35个肽段可信度均超过阈值分数;有5个肽段同属于磷酸甘油酸变位酶,其中4个肽段的可信度超过阈值分数。结果表明该蛋白条带可能主要由核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶大亚基等组成。     

野生一粒小麦根干旱响应蛋白的筛选与鉴定

为解析野生一粒小麦根响应干旱胁迫的调控网络,用20%(w/v)PEG6000处理两叶一心期野生一粒小麦,通过对小麦根蛋白质的分离和鉴定,分析了干旱胁迫下野生一粒小麦根中的蛋白质变化。结果共分离、鉴定得到85个表达差异倍数在1.5以上的蛋白质。这些差异蛋白主要涉及碳代谢(27%)、氨基酸代谢(15%)、解毒与防御(11%)、分子伴侣(8%)、能量代谢(8%)、信号传导(6%)、蛋白质代谢(5%)、脂代谢(4%)、转录与翻译(4%)、核苷酸代谢(2%)以及骨架蛋白(1%)。对这些表达差异蛋白进行进一步的功能分析,发现大部分信号传导相关蛋白上调表达;碳代谢途径中的糖酵解相关蛋白下调表达,而磷酸戊糖途径相关蛋白上调表达。同时下调表达的还包括蛋白质代谢相关蛋白。大部分氨基酸代谢相关蛋白质下调表达,但是谷氨酸脱羧酶及甲硫氨酸合酶含量上升。结果表明,干旱胁迫增强了野生一粒小麦根中信号传导与磷酸戊糖途径代谢,促进了谷氨酸与甲硫氨酸的生物合成,降低了糖酵解与蛋白质代谢等过程。研究结果丰富了野生一粒小麦根响应干旱胁迫机制信息。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.