台湾半发酵茶分类及名称

包种茶：又称清茶或文山包种茶。主产地台北县文山地区，包括：评林、石炭、深坑、双溪、乌米及台北市的南港、木栅等地。常用品种为青心乌龙种、金黄、翠玉、武夷、青心大有、硬枝红心等。内质及外形要求：外形条索紧结，呈条形状，整齐，墨绿有油光。香气、自然花香、纯正细长持久。滋味：甘、醇、滑、活、鲜爽回韵强。汤色：蜜绿——蜜黄、明亮、清澈鲜艳有油光。发酵程度约15－25％。半球形包种茶：俗称乌龙茶或冻须形乌龙茶。产地分布南投县、云林县、嘉义县。其中较具代表性的为南投县名间乡的松柏茶区的松柏长青茶，鹿谷乡的冻顶乌龙…     

全国甜菜科研规划会议在山东召开

全国甜菜科研规划会议于一九八○年二月二十七日至三月四日在山东省高密县召开。会议由中国农业科学院主持。参加会议的有黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、河北、内蒙、甘肃、新疆、陕西、山西、山东、安徽、江苏、贵州、北京、上海等十五个省、市和自治区的四十八个单位。其中包括农业、农垦、轻工部门科研和生产单位、高等院校,共一百一十五名代表。会议期间邀请了丁巨波、董一忱、许运天、耿庆汉、任锡畴等教授、专家作了学术报告。     

茶道

何为茶道,茶为何道?众说纷纭。笔者另辟新径,从道家、儒家和佛家思想来诠释茶道,并以亲身示范来让品茶人体悟茶道,感受其境、其入、其行和其德。以小见大,以简单见复杂。得出茶道之德为:怡、和、清、静、寂、通、慧、明、行、功、俭、德、圆、融、合、归。阅读此文前,不妨先泡一杯茶,然后细细品味一下吧。     

谈谈种子管理与种子检验

一、种子管理所谓种子：即用于农业、林业生产的籽粒、果实、根、茎、苗、芽等。农作物种子包括粮、棉、油、麻、桑、荼、糖、莱、烟、果、药、花卉、牧草、绿肥等。种子类别可分为育种家种子、原种、良种。所谓有种家种子：指育种家育成的遗传性状稳定的品种或亲本的最初一批种子。所谓良种：指用常规种原种繁殖的第一代至第三代和杂交种达到良种质量标准的种子．所谓种子管理，通常是指政府部门对种子的选育、推广以及投放市场等程序进行监餐、管理。即：通过以法治种来维护选育者、生产者、经营者、使用者的合法权益，其主要内容如图1。…     

刺足根螨研究综述

刺足根螨(Rhizoglyphus echinopus)也称水芋根螨(R.callae)、路氏根螨和块茎根螨,属蜱螨目粉螨科根螨属,是水仙的重要害螨。国外于本世纪初就开始研究,国内的研究是近几年才开始的。 一、寄主与分布 刺足根螨除为害水仙外还为害洋葱、甜菜、胡萝卜、马铃茹、大蒜、蘑菇、禾谷类、葡萄、唐昌蒲、百合、风信子、兰花、茑尾属、郁金香属、芍药属、大岩桐属、大理菊、象贝和半夏等14科28种植物。国外主要分布于美国、英国、苏联、匈牙利、印度、澳大利亚、荷兰、新西兰、以色列和日本等国。国内主要分布于吉林、江苏、浙江、福建、四川、辽宁、黑龙江、上海和香港。我省分布于漳州(芗城)、龙海、长泰、南靖和平潭等县区。     

欢迎订阅2015年《农业科技通讯》

本刊是农业部主管中国农业科学院主办全国农业核心期刊。本刊及时报道农业最新研究成果，尤其是种业界的新产品、新技术。侧重大田，兼顾园艺，是种植业者首选刊物。
　　展示优良品种荟萃科技成果聚合实用技术
　　主要栏目：人物风采、专题论述、试验研究、粮食作物、经济作物、蔬菜、果树、西甜瓜、林木花卉、良种荟萃、市场信息等。内容丰富翔实、信息量大、技术实用。     

刺五加资源的开发利用

刺五加(Eleutheroccous Senticosus Max-im)别名刺拐棒、五加皮、五加参。为五加科五加属的落叶灌木。生长在针阔叶混交林下或阔叶林下,海拔400—1,600m之间。因其周身密生针刺,所以被叫做刺五加。刺五加是我国东北和华北地区特产的名贵药材,它和人参一样,被《神农本草经》列为上品。李时珍在《本草纲目》中赞誉刺五加去风湿、壮筋骨、顺气化痰、添精补髓,久服延年益寿。他还强调“宁得一把五加,不用金玉满车”。对刺五加的医药价值给予高度的评价。1 应用价值1.1 药用价值 刺五加的根、茎、叶、花、果均含有丰富的强心甙类及挥发油等有机物质。它的根皮入药,有祛风化湿、强筋壮骨、活血去瘀、益气健脾、补肾安神之功效。特别是治疗肾虚咳喘、糖尿病、冠心病、风湿症、精神分裂症、神经衰弱、肿瘤防治等。对于改善症状,减轻病情、增强肌体抵抗力有良好功效。并用以制五加皮酒。     

穿龙薯蓣同玉米间作栽培技术

穿龙薯蓣，别名穿山龙、穿地龙、地龙骨、穿龙骨等。为薯蓣科薯蓣属，英文（Discorea nipponica Makino），以根状茎入药，多年生草本植物。性平、味苦。有活血舒筋、消食利水、祛痰截疟等功能。过去常用于风寒湿痹、慢性气管炎、消化不良、劳损扭伤、疟疾、痈肿等症的治疗。现多用于提取薯蓣皂苷，是合成副肾皮质激素及口服和注射用避孕药物的主要原料。主产于辽宁、吉林、黑龙江、河北、内蒙古、山西、陕西等地。穿龙薯蓣的栽培方法很多，但药粮间作效果很好。     

《中国种业》征订启事

《中国种业》是由中国农业科学院作物品种资源研究所和中国种子协会共同主办的全国性、专业性、技术性种业科技期刊。该刊面向全国，服务于国内外。刊物目标定位：以行业导刊的面目出现，做到发行量第一、权威性第一、影响力第一。覆盖行业范围：蔬菜、作物、花卉、林木、果树、草坪、牧草、特种种植、种子机械、植物保护等。主要栏目：热点关注、经营之道、实用技术、专题综述、市场导向、法律顾问、业界人物、精品文摘、网络天地、国外动态、服务专页、综合信息、广告专页等。读者对象：各级种子管理、经营企业的领导和技术人员，各级农业…     

欢迎订阅2020年《农业科技通讯》杂志

<正>农业农村部主管中国农业科学院主办全国农业核心期刊本刊及时报道种植业最新研究成果,尤其是种子方面的新品种、新技术。侧重大田,兼顾园艺。是种植业者首选刊物。主要栏目:专题论述、试验研究、粮食作物、经济作物、蔬菜、果树、西甜瓜、林木花卉等。内容丰富翔实、信息量大、技术实用。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

---

Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

---

Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.