马铃薯新品种——鄂马铃薯5号高产栽培技术研究

采用正交设计的原理和方法,对高淀粉马铃薯新品种鄂马铃薯5号设计了不同的种植密度、不同底肥种类(有机肥、复合肥)及不同施用量的高产栽培试验。结果表明,不同密度间差异极显著,以667m2种植4400株产量最高,平均产量3043kg;有机肥不同施用量间差异不显著,以667m2施用量2000kg产量最高,平均产量2854kg;复合肥不同施用量间差异显著,以667m2施用50kg产量最高,平均产量2904kg。经综合评价,高淀粉马铃薯新品种鄂马铃薯5号高产栽培密度以667m2种植4400株、施用有机肥1000kg、复合肥50kg组合趋于合理。     

不同施肥和密度对马铃薯产量的影响

采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计,研究马铃薯单垄双行、高墒栽培的施肥量和密度对产量的影响。结果表明,在一定的用量范围内,施用氮磷钾肥料均能提高马铃薯产量,过量的施用肥料,会造成马铃薯减产。通过数学模型的优化和解析,得出马铃薯单垄双行、高墒,667 m2产量大于2 t的综合栽培技术的施肥量每667 m2为:尿素(16.9~32.9 kg)、普钙(77.4~79.4 kg)、硫酸钾(28.7~39.5 kg)、密度为每667 m2种植3 237~3 782株。     

氮磷钾不同配比对冬作马铃薯产量、效益和肥料利用率的影响

在每667 m2施用500 kg有机肥基础上,3 F(每667 m2 13 kg N,N:P2O5:K2O=1:0.93:2.41)、3 E(每667 m2 13 kg N,1:0.56:1.95)和3 G(每667 m2 13 kg N,1:0.74:2.01)处理组合的马铃薯总产量和合格薯产量显著高于9 A(每667 m2 19 kg N,1:0.47:1.47),但三者之间及其与其它化肥处理组合总产量和合格薯产量之间差异没有达到0.05的显著水平。3 G、3 E处理组合的平均经济效益显著高于处理9 D(每667 m2 19 kg N,1:0.75:1.75)、9 B(每667 m2 19 kg N,1:1.17:2.17)、6 B(每667 m216 kg N,1:1.17:2.17)、9 C(每667 m2 19 kg N,1:0.70:2.65)、9 F(每667 m2 19 kg N,1:0.93:2.41)和9 A,但与其它化肥+有机肥处理组合的平均效益之间没有显著差异(P>0.05)。每667 m213 kg氮肥处理中3 E处理组合氮磷钾肥当季利用率显著高于每667 m2 16 kg(处理6 F除外,每667 m2 16 kg N,1:0.93:2.41),和每667 m2 19 kg的施肥处理组合(P<0.05)。综合试验结果表明,每667 m2施纯氮13 kg,N:P2O5:K2O=1:0.56:1.95是适宜的氮磷钾施肥方案,可以获得较高的产量效益和氮磷钾肥料养分当季利用率。     

黄腐酸对马铃薯产量和商品薯率的影响

为研究嘉有黄腐酸在马铃薯增产提质方面的应用效果,2015年应用嘉有黄腐酸在希森马铃薯产业集团内蒙古马铃薯基地5个不同种植圈进行田间试验。在希森32号圈中耕培土时增施嘉有皇辅天黄腐酸生物有机肥20 kg/667m2,马铃薯商品薯率达84.02%,较对照增加11.01%;在希森7,12,13和25号圈增施嘉有黄腐酸肥料,马铃薯产量较对照增加15.60%~22.77%,其中,在12号圈底肥时施用嘉有掺混肥料(12-18-15)80 kg/667m2、中耕培土时施用嘉有生命源黄腐酸水溶肥料20 kg/667m2和在25号圈底肥时增施嘉有皇辅天黄腐酸营养液12.5 kg/667m2两个处理增产效果最好,马铃薯产量分别为3 420和3 154 kg/667m2,分别较对照增产634和557 kg/667m2,增产率为22.77%和21.43%。研究结果表明,施用黄腐酸可以增加马铃薯产量和提高商品薯率。     

不同生物有机肥对水稻产量及其构成因子的影响

在折合每667 m2一次性基施纯氮4 kg条件下,尿素处理产量为436.41 kg/667 m2,几种生物有机肥处理的产量在457.10～495.87 kg/667 m2之间,均高于尿素处理,其中以双友生物有机肥处理的产量最高。与尿素处理相比,施用有机肥能够促进水稻分蘖的发生,增加有效分蘖数,提高成穗率、结实率、千粒重,增加水稻产量。     

施用硫酸钾对马铃薯生物性状的影响

钾素对马铃薯的生长发育、结薯、薯块膨大和干物质的积累具有十分重要的作用。凉山州马铃薯主产区土壤普遍缺钾少磷,试验选用马铃薯品种凉薯97,研究在凉山州不同地区不同海拔高度施用硫酸钾对马铃薯生物性状的影响,结果表明:马铃薯施用一定量的硫酸钾能适当延长生育期、显著增产、增加薯块干物质和淀粉含量。667 m2施用硫酸钾15 kg的平均全生育期比对照增加2 d;667 m2施用硫酸钾10 kg的平均产量最高,达到1 819 kg,较对照高28.26%,差异达极显著水平;施用硫酸钾对提高干物质、淀粉含量有一定的作用,综合考虑产量、品质、效益等因素,667 m2硫酸钾施用量以5.0～10.0 kg为宜。     

施用精制有机肥对马铃薯产量的影响

通过精制有机肥在马铃薯上的肥效试验,研究其对马铃薯鲜薯产量的影响,为该肥料在马铃薯生产上推广应用提供科学依据。试验采用单因素随机区组设计,结果表明:精制有机肥对马铃薯有明显的增产效果,就增产(产量和纯产值)幅度来说,以处理4施精制有机肥80 kg/667 m2最高,就投产比来说,以处理3施精制有机肥60 kg/667 m2最佳(投产比为1:3.46)。     

马铃薯施用缓控释肥、生物有机肥肥效试验

为研究缓控释肥、生物有机肥对马铃薯的增产增收效果,以当地主推品种‘合作88’为试验材料,以当地农民习惯施肥为对照,研究了施用推荐施肥、缓控释肥和生物有机肥对马铃薯产量、产量构成因素和经济效益的影响。结果表明,马铃薯施用缓控释肥、生物有机肥对改善马铃薯产量构成因素不明显,但是可以明显提高产量和经济效益。产量增幅在7.88%~14.92%,其中处理4(施用推荐施肥减20%+生物有机肥80 kg/667m~2)的产量最高,较处理1(习惯施肥)增产428 kg/667m~2,达到3 297 kg/667m~2,增产14.92%;马铃薯经济效益增加幅度在1.73%~13.81%,其中处理4(推荐施肥减20%+生物有机肥)较处理1(习惯施肥)增加收益605元/667m~2;使用生物有机肥的经济效益要高于使用缓控释肥和常规肥料;建议在种植马铃薯时,可以适当减少化肥的使用量,增加生物有机肥的使用量,起到减肥增收的作用。     

促腐农家肥对马铃薯产量影响研究初报

施用HM发酵促腐农家肥能有效促进马铃薯早生快发,提高了马铃薯产量。其中鸡粪促腐有机肥产量最高,667m2为1971.9kg,比CK增产49.14%;猪肥促腐有机肥产量为1877.0kg,位居第二,比CK增产41.92%;牛羊粪促腐有机肥产量为1870.6kg,排位第三,比CK增产41.47%,促腐有机肥各处理均比CK增产均达极显著水平。     

黑色马铃薯高产栽培技术研究

试验以黑色马铃薯品种黑美人为材料,研究了不同密度、覆盖方式、基肥及追肥条件下黑色马铃薯高产栽培技术。结果表明:黑美人品种的种植密度每667 m2控制在3 500株左右比较适宜;采用地膜覆盖可使齐苗期和成熟期相对提早,比对照分别提早7 d和8 d,鲜薯产量每667 m2比覆土露天栽培增产143.8 kg,增幅9.5%;基肥每667 m2施用人畜粪肥3 000 kg+草木灰100 kg,追施钾肥以现蕾初期追加增产效果最佳。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

生物质能作物——甘薯开发利用现状及趋势

甘薯是世界上重要的粮食、饲料、工业原料及新型能源用块根作物，在我国乃至世界再生能源开发中起到重大作用，其分布地域广，适应性强，沙荒地、岗坡地均可种植。生物产量高，而且种植栽培容易。甘薯含淀粉15％～30％，晒干率20％～35％，世界各国以薯干或淀粉为原料生产乙醇有着悠久的历史。随着全球能源的日趋紧张，乙醇作为一种可再生的环保燃料．将快速步入全球成品油市场，在替代汽油供应方面起到越来越大的作用。各国正在推行或制定燃料乙醇计划，并着眼于生物燃料乙醇应用方案，认为甘薯可能是摆脱将来粮食和能源危机的“最后一张王牌”。     

云南省"双高"甘蔗生产与发展

从自然生产条件、龙头企业状况和产业经济效益3方面论述了云南省“双高”甘蔗发展的优势条件.分析了现阶段“双高”甘蔗发展中存在的主要问题,即甘蔗产业科技落后、蔗园建设投入不足、加工企业规模较小,产品单一.从“双高”甘蔗优势产业带建设,甘蔗种子工程体系,“双高”甘蔗科技、甘蔗产业化经营发展与科技培训等方面提出了“双高”甘蔗发展的建议和措施.     

海南百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定及其发生危害

百香果是海南省的新兴产业,也是我国多个省区扶贫攻坚的重要产业。病虫害是影响百香果产业的重要因素,随着海南百香果种植面积越来越大,病虫害对百香果产业的不利影响越来越凸显。由于缺乏百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定的基础性研究,许多种植户对田间发生的病虫害种类识别不足,从而影响了百香果病虫害的防控效果。为了摸清海南百香果种植区的病虫害种类,于2019—2021年对海南省儋州市、乐东县、屯昌县、文昌市、三亚市、东方市、保亭县、白沙县、海口市等百香果种植区的病虫害进行了系统调查与鉴定,并对其发生危害特点进行了研究。鉴定发现海南百香果种植区的病害有11种,分别是病毒病、茎基腐病、炭疽病、疮痂病、疫病、灰霉病、果腐病、褐斑病、烟煤病、藻斑病和缺镁。重要病害为病毒病和茎基腐病,危害程度分别为4级和3级,炭疽病和疮痂病危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他病害危害较轻。害虫有28种,分别是黄胸蓟马、茶黄蓟马、红带蓟马、美洲棘蓟马、普通大蓟马、咖啡木蠹蛾、美洲斑潜蝇、橘小实蝇、斜纹夜蛾、双线盗毒蛾、绿丽刺蛾、白带锯蛱蝶、烟粉虱、温室白粉虱、柑橘粉蚧、木槿曼粉蚧、藤壶蜡蚧、茶角盲蝽、樟颈曼盲蝽、稻绿蝽、中稻缘蝽、茶小绿叶蝉、丽球瓢蜡蝉、绿鳞象甲、眼斑芫菁、白条豆芫菁、甘薯梳龟甲和朱砂叶螨。重要害虫为黄胸蓟马和咖啡木蠹蛾,危害程度均为3级,茶黄蓟马和美洲斑潜蝇的危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他害虫危害较轻。软体动物3种,分别是灰巴蜗牛、同型巴蜗牛和一种尚未鉴定的蛞蝓。本研究明确了海南百香果种植区病虫害具体种类,新发现百香果病害1种和害虫24种,为海南百香果病虫害的精准防控提供技术支撑。