Difference in the Physical Properties of White-Core and Non-White-Core Kernels of the Rice Varieties for Sake Brewing is Unrelated to Starch Properties

Abstract

This study was designed to determine whether or not the difference in the physical properties between white-core and non-white-core kernels of the rice varieties for sake brewing is associated with their starch properties. We used two rice cultivars for sake brewing, Senbon-nishiki and Yamada-nishiki, from three different plots in Hiroshima prefecture. Hardness values of kernels were significantly higher in non-white-core than in white-core kernels in both varieties. Vickers hardness (VH) values were lowest at the center of the kernel in both types of kernels. VH values of white-core tissues of white-core kernels were significantly lower than those of corresponding tissues of non-white-core kernels. No significant differences were observed between the two types of kernels in VH values of the surrounding translucent tissues and in the starch properties (amylose content, pasting properties analyzed using a rapid viscoanalyzer and gelatinization properties analyzed using a differential scanning calorimetry). These results suggest that the difference in physical properties between the two types of kernels of the rice varieties for sake brewing are associated with the difference in structure of endosperm cells and not in starch properties.     

氮肥对粳稻籽粒腹白和心白发生及生化组成的影响

为探讨不同类型垩白水稻对氮肥的响应差异,以武育粳3号的高腹白突变体(WBRK)和高心白突变体(WCRK)为材料,设置不施氮肥(对照)和两个不同的基肥与穗肥比例处理(N5-5和N10-0)共3个处理,分析施氮对腹白米和心白米的发生及籽粒生化组分的影响。结果表明,施用氮肥显著增加了腹白米率和心白米率,且腹白较心白更易受氮肥影响。施氮对WBRK籽粒总淀粉、直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量无显著影响,显著增加了WCRK籽粒淀粉组分的含量,改善了WBRK和WCRK的碾磨品质。与对照相比,N5-5处理显著增加了WBRK籽粒蛋白质及其组分中球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量以及WCRK籽粒蛋白质含量。N10-0处理显著降低了WBRK和WCRK籽粒中的蛋白质和谷蛋白含量。N5-5处理下,WBRK和WCRK籽粒中大多数氨基酸含量有所增加,但组氨酸和精氨酸含量有所降低,WCRK表现得更明显。研究表明,氮素对不同类型垩白水稻品种腹白和心白发生及籽粒贮藏物质积累的影响存在差异,显示出生产中采用不同调优栽培措施的必要性。     

Relationship between the Starch Properties of White-Core Tissue and Polishing Characteristics in Brewers’ Rice Kernels

References

The kernels of Hattan-nishiki No. 1 and Kairyo-omachi have larger air spaces in the white-core tissue and are broken easily during the process of polishing when compared with those of Senbon-nishiki and Yamada-nishiki. The polishing characteristics of brewers’ rice kernels are closely related with the structure of the white-core tissue of kernels. In this study, the varietal differences in the starch properties of white-core tissue of brewers’ rice kernels on polishing characteristics were studied. The starch properties were studied by rapid visco analysis (RVA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC); the amylose content of the rice flour of each variety was also analysed. No significant differences were observed in the amylose content among the four varieties. The two RVA parameters, peak viscosity and breakdown, were higher in Hattan-nishiki No. 1 and no significant differences were observed in them among Senbon-nishiki, Yamada-nishiki and Kairyo-omachi. The DSC parameters, gelatinization onset and peak and conclusion temperatures, were higher in Hattan-nishiki No. 1, lower in Senbon-nishiki and Yamada-nishiki, and intermediate between them in Kairyo-omachi. These results suggest that the polishing characteristics of brewers’ rice kernels are related with not only the endosperm structure but also the starch property of white-core tissue, except for Kairyo-omachi.     

Endosperm Structure of White-Belly and White-Core Rice Grains Shown by Scanning Electron Microscopy

Abstract:

White-belly and white-core are the major two types of grain chalkiness in japonica rice. This study aims to compare the morphological features of white-belly and white-core using a scanning electron microcope (SEM). A japonica rice cultivar Wuyujing3 and its mutants were used as materials. Nearly 1000 SEM images were observed, and 12 representative photos were selected. SEM images showed contrasting differences between white-belly and white-core in endosperm microstructure including the shape of endosperm cell, the size distribution of starch granules, and the amount of protein bodies. White-belly and white-core also varied markedly in morphological features of the cracked compound starch granules. Our findings should help to advance our understanding of the multi-faceted nature of grain chalkiness from the perspective of starch and protein accumulation, and should be of value for future work on rice grain chalkiness.     

Moisture distribution of soaked rice grains observed by magnetic resonance imaging and physicochemical properties of cooked rice grains

Moisture distribution in individual polished rice grains was observed during soaking by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, and a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal intensity profile (SI-profile) was generated from the MR image. The water penetration pattern during soaking roughly showed dissimilar trends between different varieties of japonica and japonica-indica hybrid rice. NMR signal intensity at the completion of water absorption varied within each grain; high at the periphery and the central region and low in the area between the periphery and the central region. High moisture content within the central region is due to loosely packed starch granules. The SI-profile was congruent for grains of the same variety harvested in different regions and years and characterized a grain moisture distribution for each variety. Moisture distribution was compared using SI-profiles for varieties with different amylose contents and new varieties bred for specific end-uses in Japan. The NMR signal intensity, which is related to the moisture content, at the surface of soaked grain was negatively correlated to the grain amylose content. The NMR signal intensities at the surface of soaked grain negatively correlated with the overall hardness of the cooked rice grain as measured by the single-grain low-high compression test.     

栽培因素对北方粳稻产量及米质的影响——第14报不同土壤对产量及米质的影响

经过4a不同土壤对产量及米质影响的盆栽试验表明:砂土千粒重高,但有效穗数和穗粒数过少,产量最低。白浆土有效穗数、穗粒数及千粒重都保持较高水平,产量最高比砂土增产22.5%。草炭土有效穗数和穗粒数较多,但千粒重低于白浆土,比砂土增产16.6%;盐碱土穗粒数虽然多,但有效穗数少,千粒重最低,比砂土增产14.2%。白浆土的出米率最高,垩白最少,直链淀粉含量最低,蛋白质含量居第2位,所以白浆土是生产优质米最好的土壤。砂土的各项指标除直链淀粉含量最高外,其他指标都居第2位。草炭土的所有指标都居第3位。盐碱土的所有指标都最差,不适合优质米生产。     

Emissions of nitrous oxide and methane from rice field after granulated urea application with nitrification inhibitors and zeolite under different water managements

Paddy and Water Environment - A field experiment was carried out to determine the emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) and yield of rice grains under water management of continuously...     

Varietal Differences in Endosperm Structure Related to High-degree Polishing Properties of “Hattan Varieties” of Rice Suitable for Brewing Original Hiroshima Sake

Abstract

This study was conducted to clarify the effect of varietal differences in the endosperm structure on the high-degree polishing properties of Hattan varieties of rice suitable for brewing original Hiroshima sake. Four varieties were used: Hattan No.35, Hattan-nishiki No.1, Hattan-nishiki No.2, and Yamada-nishiki. Ellipsoidal-white-core grains occurred at a higher rate in Hattan-nishiki No.1 and No.2, whereas lined-white-core grains were observed at a higher rate in Hattan No.35 and Yamada-nishiki. Hattan No.35 and Yamada-nishiki showed low void polishing rates, and Hattan-nishiki No.1 and No.2 high void polishing rates after 50% polishing. Hattan-nishiki No.1 and No.2 showed inferior properties; that is, many broken and cracked grains, particularly cracked grains, after 50% polishing. The contents of broken grains and cracked grains in Hattan No.35 were higher than those in Yamada-nishiki and lower than those in Hattan-nishiki No.1 and No.2. In Hattan No.35 and Yamada-nishiki, fewer airspaces were observed between the amyloplasts at the center of the white-core as compared with Hattan-nishiki No.1 and No.2. This study showed that the differences in the endosperm structure of white-cores in the brewers’ rice grain are related to varietal differences in the tolerance to high-degree polishing.     

超级杂交稻叶片丙二醛含量以及产量性状对水分亏缺的响应

 通过严格控制土壤水分的盆栽试验,研究了超级杂交稻组合叶片丙二醛（MDA）含量对不同水分亏缺的生理响应及产量性状受到的影响,分析了叶片MDA含量与产量性状间的关系。结果表明,不同生育时段的水分亏缺均导致叶片MDA含量显著增加,受影响程度随控水时段的推迟而加重。随着叶位的降低,叶片MDA含量呈显著上升趋势,倒3叶最高,其次是倒2叶,剑叶相对较低,水分亏缺导致叶片尤其是下部叶片的MDA含量显著升高。水分亏缺均导致产量显著降低,开花至花后15 d和穗分化后15~30 d的控水处理影响较大,其次是花后15~30 d的控水处理,各组合减产均在20%以上,原因主要在于结实率和千粒重下降。叶片MDA含量的生理响应与稻株生长发育和最终产量表现存在相关性,不同组合的叶片MDA含量和产量性状对水分亏缺的响应有所不同,超级杂交稻组合所受影响小于普通杂交稻组合。作物对水分亏缺的响应除了表现胁迫程度 效应关系和胁迫时间 效应关系,还存在生育进程 效应关系。     

Magnetic resonance imaging and analyses of tempering processes in rice kernels

This research involved a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique that was applied to examine water distribution and migration in single rice kernels during the tempering process. The imaging experiments were performed in a Bruker 9.4T MRI system. Three-dimensional spin-echo (SE) imaging sequences were optimized by adjusting the scanning parameters of echo time (TE) and repetition time (TR) to obtain images with maximum contrast. The MR images showed that the moisture distribution in the rice kernel is non-uniform and compartmental. The embryo region exhibited much higher MR signal intensity than the starchy endosperm portion. The tempering process was analyzed with spatial-temporal signal intensities of the endosperm following the drying process of the rice kernel. The transient change of the signal intensities in the endosperm was well fitted with a double exponential function suggesting that both convection and diffusion contributed to the reduction of the moisture gradient within the rice kernel during tempering. This hypothesis was further supported by the experimental data of the insulated rice kernel whose convective mass transfer was excluded. The experimental results revealed that MR imaging of rice kernels could be used as an efficient tool to examine the mechanisms of moisture migration within cereal grains.     

不同氮肥施用量对水稻产量及品质的影响

以三江2号为供试材料,研究不同氮肥施用量对水稻植株生长、抗病性、产量及品质的影响。结果表明:植株的叶片、茎鞘和穗的干物重大致上随着施氮量的增加而不断增多,当达到14 kg/667 m2时,干物质积累量略有下降。瘪粒数随施氮量的增加而增多,结实率和实测产量以中氮水平为高。糙米率、精米率和整精米率都不是以最低氮和最高氮水平为最高,而是中氮水平处理最高,水稻外观品质垩白率和垩白度都是低氮水平较低。     

不同锌效率基因型水稻籽粒中矿质元素的原位微区分布研究

 采用同步辐射（SRXRF）结合ICP MS研究了足Zn条件下不同锌效率水稻籽粒中Zn及其他矿质元素的微区分布特征。结果表明SRXRF技术可高效分析水稻籽粒锌等矿质元素的微区分布特征。水稻籽粒中K和Ca元素的分布特征与其余4种元素相关不显著,而Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn元素的含量分布相互间则显著相关;水稻籽粒中K含量最高,移动性也最强,精米中K含量可达颖壳的52.6%~90.6%,而Ca在颖壳中含量最高。其余矿质元素含量最高值均出现在糊粉层;Zn、Fe等元素主要集中在水稻籽粒的胚及糊粉层等外层功能组织,在胚乳中由外向里呈递减趋势。此外,锌高效基因型IR8192在水稻籽粒各部位的Zn含量均低于锌低效基因型二九丰。可见,与锌低效品种相比,锌高效品种仅在低Zn水平下表现出更高的锌吸能力及利用效率,在足Zn条件下并无籽粒富锌特征。     

Efficiencies of Chemical Techniques for Rice Grain Freshness Analysis

Two chemical methods which are commonly used for rice grain freshness determination were investigated for their efficiencies.Method 1 is made of bromothymol blue indicator,and the principle is based on indicator’s color which is changed in according to pH of the stored rice grains.Method 2 is based on peroxidase activity which deteriorates during storage of rice grains.Both methods were used for determination of fresh-aged rice index of six Thai-rice cultivars,four from non-waxy rice cultivars (KDML 105,Chai Nat 1,Chai Nat 2 and Phitsanulok 2) and two from waxy rice cultivars (San-pah-tawng and RD6).Rice samples were kept in the forms of paddy and polished rice.Fresh-aged rice indices were determined using both methods every two weeks over the storage period of 24 weeks (six months).It was found that both methods were capable of detecting fresh-aged rice indices.The color of chemical solutions changed with regards to the age of rice grains and it could be detected spectrophotometrically.Rice grains which have been kept as paddy provided more consistent results.Method 1 is recommended for industrial application as it is simple,efficient and inexpensive.     

Moisture Distribution in a Mature Soft Wheat Grain by Three-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Moisture-tempering is typically performed prior to first break in wheat milling operations to enhance separation of bran, germ, and endosperm. To improve the milling performance and to increase yield, a better knowledge of moisture distribution and migration in individual wheat grains during tempering is essential. The research described herein was conducted to demonstrate the non-destructive measurement of the three-dimensional (3D) distribution of moisture in a single wheat grain. A 3D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique was adapted for the probing of single wheat grains at storage moistures (c.12% wet basis). The technique is demonstrated in this report on one grain. A 3D projection reconstruction (3DPR) technique was used to acquire high resolution proton density images. The spatial resolution of the images was 94×94×94 μm³. The 3D proton density images were related to the 3D moisture distribution in the wheat grain. At 12% moisture content, the moisture distribution in the starchy endosperm of the wheat was not uniform. The variation of the moisture distribution was from 7·3% to 16·4% wb.     

Soaking time of rice in semidry flour milling was shortened by increasing the grains cracks

To shorten the soaking time of rice grains in the process of semidry-milling, the changes in moisture absorption, damaged starch, and magnetic resonance images during soaking, as well as effect of increasing grains cracks on moisture absorption were investigated. As the results, the soaking time to reach the maximum moisture of Glutinous and Indica rice grains was 40 min and 20 min, respectively, but was 3 h and 30 min to reach the minimum damaged starch contents in rice flour. The moisture penetrated quickly from the embryo attachment site, ventral side, and cracks into the inside, and then diffused through the cracks. The result showed that homogeneous distribution of moisture in the rice grains was necessary to reduce damaged starch. Moreover, owing to the increase of grains cracks, the soaking time of Glutinous and Indica rice grains was shortened from 3 h to 1 h, and from 30 min to 10 min, respectively, by increasing drying temperature to 60 °C.     

籼稻杂种一代品质性状与其亲本关系的研究

以5个籼稻优质品种(七桂早25、新丝苗1号、新锦占1号、早选2、早优占30)和4个籼稻非优质品种(光明、金占、特青、三二矮,其中特青、三二矮为高产品种)为材料配制杂交组合进行品质性状的研究。结果表明,以硬胶稠度作亲本的组合,其杂种一代都为硬胶稠度。F1植株籽粒品质性状的表达较复杂,如亲本为高直链淀粉含量的不同组合,可以出现高、中、低含量的杂种一代,因此不能单独根据某一性状来确定亲本的选配。粒形和脂肪含量可以作为衡量米质等级的指标。选用优/优、优/非优组合,可以育出长粒形、高脂肪含量的杂种一代。选用优/优或优/非优组合,更可能获得既优质又高产的杂种一代。七桂早/早选2是优质的最佳组合。七桂早/新丝苗、七桂早/金占、七桂早/早优占是优质高产的最佳组合。     

膜下滴灌栽培粳稻品种产量构成与穗部特征研究

为探讨膜下滴灌栽培模式下的粳稻产量构成及其穗部特征,以12个水稻品种(A1~A12)为材料,比较分析了其产量及其构成因素、茎蘖组成及其成穗率、穗部构成特征.结果表明:在膜下滴灌栽培条件下,不同品种的产量及其构成因素平均值以A6最高,膜下滴灌水稻主要依靠主茎和一级分蘖成穗,且主茎和一级分蘖的贡献率占97%以上,群体数量的上升较平稳,成穗率中等;膜下滴灌水稻可以依靠二次枝梗数来增加穗粒数,二次枝梗对穗粒数的贡献率在57%以上.膜下滴灌水稻栽培应选用着粒密度较大、紧实的大穗型品种.     

Hardness Distribution and Endosperm Structure on Polishing Characteristics of Brewer’s Rice Kernels

Abstract

This study was designed to determine the effects of the hardness distribution and the endosperm structure on the polishing characteristics of brewer’s rice kernels. We used four brewer’s rice cultivars, Kairyo-omachi, Hattan-nishiki No. 1, Senbon-nishiki and Yamada-nishiki. The broken kernel ratios in Kairyo-omachi and Hattan-nishiki No. 1 were significantly higher than those in Senbon-nishiki and Yamada-nishiki. Vickers hardness (VH) values in white-core tissues in kernels differed among varieties, which were significantly lower in Kairyo-omachi and Hattan-nishiki No. 1. However, no varietal differences were observed in VH values in the peripheral translucent tissues surrounding the white-core tissues. The tissues along the dorsoventral axis were softer than those along the longitudinal axis of the kernels. The tissues on the ventral side were softer than those on the dorsal side. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations revealed the presence of closely arranged compound starch granules and few varietal differences in the peripheral translucent tissues surrounding the white-core tissues. However, as compared with Yamada-nishiki and Senbon-nishiki, in Hattan-nishiki No. 1 and Kairyo-omachi, the starch granules were loosely packed and the airspaces between the starch granules were more numerous in the white-core tissues. A higher number of airspaces and less starch were present in the endosperm cells along the dorsoventral axis when compared with along the longitudinal axis and on the ventral side than on the dorsal side. The present study showed that polishing characteristics are closely related with the endosperm structure, which is characterized as the density of starch granules.     

分蘖肥不同施用时期对水稻产量和品质的影响

通过对分蘖肥不同施用时期对水稻产量和品质的影响研究,结果表明,随着分蘖肥施用时期的后移,水稻生育期延迟;株高和空瘪率逐渐增加,穗长和褐变穗发病率逐渐降低,穗颈瘟逐渐增加,倒伏程度没有明显变化;水稻平方米穗数逐渐增加,而穗实粒数、结实率、千粒重和产量逐渐降低;水稻的垩白率和垩白度没有明显变化,精米率和整精米率逐渐降低。     

辽宁省水稻不同产量类型品种产量结构的比较分析

以辽宁省2005年~2011年审定的部分水稻品种为材料,依据产量水平将69个水稻品种划分为高产、中产、低产3个产量类型,研究辽宁省水稻品种产量结构特征,比较了不同产量类型品种产量性状变化。表明,有效穗数、总粒数、千粒重是影响水稻产量表现的最主要的性状因子。高产类型品种在有效穗数、总粒数上处于中高值的比例较高,同时,在性状组合上性状间尤其是在有效穗数和总粒数的结合上表现协调,产量结构运筹上较为合理。水稻品种要获得650 kg/667 m2以上产量的产量结构参数为：有效穗数15个/穴、总粒数125粒/穗,结实率85%左右,千粒重25 g左右。