鲁麦22×扬麦9号早代LOX活性分布及遗传分析

为了解脂肪氧化酶(LOX)活性基因的遗传规律,利用单个分离世代群体遗传分析方法对"鲁麦22×扬麦9号"的F2群体及F2∶3家系群体的LOX活性分布、相关性及遗传组成进行了分析。结果表明,F2与F2∶3家系的LOX活性分布相似,并极显著相关(R2=0.714);该组合的LOX活性主要受两对主基因控制,且主基因显示为加性-显性-上位性效应。对于F2群体,两对主基因遗传率为78.2%,第一对主基因的加性效应、显性效应和显性度分别为4.09、-2.1和-0.51;第二对主基因分别为2.1、-0.77和-0.37;对于F2∶3家系群体,主基因遗传率为81.2%,第一对主基因加性效应、显性效应和显性度分别为3.11、-0.49和-0.159;第二对主基因分别为1.828、-0.1、-0.056。在F2及F2∶3家系中,两对主基因均表现为负向显性效应,其加性×加性上位(互作)效应、加性×显性(显性×加性)效应和显性×显性互作效应都不为0,说明二者存在明显互作效应。     

大麦赤霉病新抗源盐96157抗性的遗传分析

为了研究大麦赤霉病抗性的遗传机制,应用植物数量性状主基因 多基因混合遗传模型对抗赤霉病大麦品种盐96157与感病品种浙97-23构建的六家系群体(P1、F1、P2、B1、B2、F2)的赤霉病抗性进行了多世代联合分析.结果表明,盐96157×浙97-23组合赤霉病抗性受两对加性-显性-上位性主基因 加性-显性-上位性多基因(E模型)控制,B1、B2和F2群体赤霉病抗性主基因的遗传率分别为44.67%、68.01%和83.87%,多基因遗传率为3.53%～20.23%,环境方差占总方差的10.26%～51.80%,说明大麦赤霉病抗性的表达受基因型和环境双重影响,主效基因的存在意味着可通过杂交育种将盐96157大麦的抗性基因向其他栽培品种中转移.     

高油酸花生种质油酸亚油酸含量的主基因+多基因遗传

应用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型对杂交组合8-153×粤油13的P1、F1、P2、F2世代和F2∶3家系的油酸、亚油酸含量进行多世代联合分析,结果表明:在该组合中,花生油酸含量遗传由2对加性-显性主基因+多基因控制;F2、F2∶3群体主基因遗传率分别为77.28%和55.00%,多基因遗传率分别为13.34%和32.13%;两对主基因的加性效应值分别为8.8172和4.0397,显性效应值分别为-10.2475和-9.0420。亚油酸含量遗传由2对加性-显性-上位性主基因控制;F2、F2∶3群体主基因遗传率分别为88.30%和79.84%;两对主基因的加性效应值(da、db)分别为-7.3949和-6.9568,显性效应值(ha、hb)分别为1.3879和1.5438;da与db、da与hb、db与ha以及ha与hb间的互作效应分别为-4.5216、-1.7688、-1.9808和-1.1172。ol基因的多效性以及油酸、亚油酸含量和O/L比值的遗传均受两对主基因控制的结果暗示相同的两对主基因可能同时控制油酸与亚油酸含量,它们对油酸、亚油酸含量的作用效应相反。     

玉米茎秆抗倒伏相关性状的遗传效应分析

利用主基因+多基因混合遗传多世代联合分析的方法,对玉米自交系K12和A7110组配的正反交组合进行6个世代(P1、P2、F1、B1、B2、F2)联合分析。结果表明,茎粗正交组合中的最适模型为D-1模型(1对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性多基因),茎粗的反交组合的最适模型均为E-1模型(2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因),茎粗在正交组合中表现出基因的加性效应大于显性效应。反交组合中主基因互作效应较高,正反交组合中,多基因的遗传率大于主基因的遗传率,在B2、F2代达到最大值,分别达到78.74%、71.22%。抗推力的正反交组合最适模型为C模型(加性—显性—上位性多基因),正交组合中回交世代多基因遗传率较低,分别为6.22%和19.94%;反交组合中回交世代多基因遗传率较高,分别为68.81%和52.78%。在玉米育种过程中,以多基因遗传为主控制的性状,在遗传率较高的世代进行轮回选择的方法富集目的基因,有利于提高育种效率。     

小麦赤霉病抗源H35的遗传模式分析

为加强对小麦赤霉病抗源H35抗赤霉性(简称“抗赤性”)遗传机制的了解,应用植物数量性状主基因 多基因混合遗传模型对抗赤霉病品种H35与感赤霉病品种安农8455杂交组合P1、F1、P2、B1、B2和F2的6家系世代群体抗赤性进行了多世代联合分析。结果表明,H35/安农8455组合抗赤性受两对主基因 多基因的加性-显性-上位性多基因控制(E-1-0模型),该组合的B1、B2和F2群体抗赤性主基因遗传率为79.14%~93.93%,多基因遗传率为0.32%~16.09%,表明该组合抗赤性是由2对主基因 多基因相互配合控制遗传的。     

扬麦158×淮麦18组合早代PPO活性变异及其遗传分析

为了了解早代PPO活性的分布情况,以多巴(L-DOPA/MOPS)为底物,采用全麦粉过滤法测定了小麦组合(扬麦158×淮麦18)早代(F2和F2∶3家系群体)的PPO活性。结果表明,F2和F2∶3家系群体的PPO活性分布均呈明显的偏态分布,且F2和F2∶3家系群体的PPO活性极显著相关,相关系数为0.727。用单个分离世代群体遗传模型分析方法对该组合的F2群体、F2∶3家系群体的PPO活性进行遗传分析,结果表明,该组合的PPO活性主要受两对主基因控制,且主基因表现为加性-显性效应。F2群体控制PPO活性的两对主基因遗传率为73.92%,F2∶3家系群体中两对主基因遗传率为88.44%。     

花瓣色素定量法对甘蓝型油菜白花性状的质量-数量遗传模型分析

采用无水乙醇提取油菜花瓣色素,在439nm波长下测定提取液的吸光度,实现对甘蓝型油菜白花性状的量化观察,并应用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型多世代联合分析法,对甘蓝型油菜杂交组合(HW 243×HZ 21-1)和(HW 243×中油821)的P1、P2、F1、F2、B1和B2世代群体进行分析,研究花瓣颜色的遗传特性。结果显示:甘蓝型油菜白花性状表现为数量性状,其遗传符合2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因遗传模型(E-O),以主基因作用为主,多基因的作用相对较小;2对主基因的加性、显性和上位性效应均具有较大的作用;主基因的遗传力较高;受环境影响较小。在F2群体中主基因的遗传率为95.51%和96.35%,多基因遗传率为3.65%和2.43%;在B1群体中主基因的遗传率为53.00%和49.59%,多基因遗传率分别为39.93%和39.84%;在B2群体中主基因的遗传率为97.38%和95.51%,多基因遗传率分别为2.17%和1.57%。     

黄瓜强雌性状的主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析

利用黄瓜强雌株系S-2-98和雌雄同株系95为亲本,配制杂交组合,共获得6世代群体（P1,P2,F1,F2,B1,B2）,通过观察6世代群体的雌花率,应用植物数量性状主基因+多基因联合分离分析方法,对黄瓜强雌性状的遗传模型进行判别与遗传参数的估计。结果表明：黄瓜强雌性状的遗传除受主基因控制外还受多基因的影响,符合D遗传模型,即1对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因遗传模型。B1、B2、F2主基因遗传率分别为5.50％、68.98％和54.65％,相应的多基因遗传率和环境变异分别为45.67％、11.81％、25.45％和48.83％、19.21％、19.90％,说明黄瓜雌花遗传还受多基因的修饰,同时环境对黄瓜的雌花也有较大的影响。     

甘蓝型油菜花瓣缺失性状的主基因+多基因遗传分析

以无花瓣材料APL01和常规四花瓣品种NB6和M083杂交并自交及回交所获得的6个基本世代（P1、P2、F1、B1、B2和F2）为材料，利用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型对无花瓣性状进行遗传分析，结果表明，甘蓝型油菜无花瓣性状的遗传适合E-0模型，即2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因遗传模型。2对主基因的加性效应相等，但不同组合、不同年份的估计值有差异，加性效应值为-11.13 ~ -20.08；2对主基因的显性效应值在不同组合间存在差异，（APL01/NB6）杂交组合估计的2对主基因的显性效应值不同，其中1对基因的效应值较大，而（APL01/M083）估计的2对主基因的显性效应值无差异；上位性效应不同组合间表现也有差异，（APL01/NB6）组合以加加上位和加显上位为主，（APL01/M083）组合以显显上位为主。主基因的遗传率较大，为76.29%-94.13%，不同群体的估计值有差异，以B1世代的估计值较大，B2的估计值较小；多基因的遗传率较小，不同组合、不同年份间表现一致。     

玉米孤雌生殖单倍体诱导性状的遗传分析

运用主基因-多基因混合遗传模型理论,对构建的玉米常规自交系与单倍体诱导系杂交组合群体A(四-287×Y11)和两个单倍体诱导系杂交组合群体B(Y6×Y11)的F2世代的单倍体诱导性状的遗传进行研究。结果表明,群体A的单倍体诱导性状遗传由两个主基因控制,表现加性-显性效应,遗传率达91.27%;群体B检测到1个主基因,表现加性-显性效应,遗传率为38.86%,群体B的诱导率遗传主要由主基因和多个微效基因共同作用。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.