抗青枯病花生品种日花1号的选育研究

日花1号是日照市东港花生研究所以鲁花3号做母本,花选1号（花育16号）做父本进行有性杂交选育而成的花生抗病新品种。该品种具有高产、抗青枯病、适应性广等优点。在2005～2006年山东省花生品种大粒组区域试验中,两年平均单产荚果4881kg／hm^2、籽仁3570kg/hm^2,分别比对照鲁花11号增产3．0%和4．4％;2007年生产试验平均单产荚果4719kg／hm^2、籽仁3382．5kg／hm^2,分别比对照鲁花11号增产3．1％和2．9％。该品种于2008年4月通过了山东省农作物品种审定委员会审定,适宜我国北方花生产区作为春播大花生品种推广利用。     

花生新品种中花12通过湖北省审定

中花12系中国农业科学院油料作物研究所用“唐92918”作母本，“ICGV86699”作父本杂交，经系谱法选择育成的花生品种。2006年通过湖北省农作物品种审定委员会审定，审定编号为鄂审油2006001。2003～2004年参加湖北省花生品种区域试验，两年区试平均荚果产量4180kg／hm^2，比对照中花4号增产2．20％。其中：2003年荚果产量3820kg／hm^2，比中花4号增产5．71％，极显著；2004年荚果产量4340kg／hm^2，比中花4号减产0．58％，不显著。该品种适于湖北省花生非青枯病区种植。     

花生区组间杂交新品种花育31号的选育

花育31号是山东省花生研究所生物技术部分子育种组利用不亲和野生种育成的国内外首个大粒型的花生属区组间杂种品种。在山东省两年区试中,平均荚果产量341．65kg／666．6m^2,籽仁产量248．97kg／666．6m^2,分别比对照鲁花11号增产8．16％和9．26％。生产试验荚果产量331．05kg／666．6m^2,籽仁产量243．68kg／666．6m^2,分别比对照丰花1号增产7．19％和11．78％。2009年3月23日通过山东省品种审定委员会审定。     

优质抗病花生新品种豫花14号的选育与利用

豫花14号是河南省农科院棉花油料所选育，1999年通过河南省农作物品种审定委员会审定的高产、早熟、优质白沙型抗病花生新品种。在河南省区试及生产试验中，荚果和籽仁产量分别达到2960．6－3322．5kg/hm^2和2241．8－2423．9kg/hm^2，籽仁比对照增产10％以上，高产示范中荚果产量达到6750kg/hm^2。其生育期110d左右，适合于夏直播。高抗青枯病，且品质优异，蛋白质含量28．94％，亚油酸含量高达42．58％，荚果美观，籽仁色泽鲜艳、光亮。     

抗病优质高产水稻新品种绥粳8号选育及栽培技术

绥粳8号是黑龙江省农科院绥化农科所利用系谱法经过多年选择培育而成的水稻新品种,2007年2月经黑龙江省农作物品种审定委员审定通过。具有抗病、优质、高产等特点,预备试验平均产量8214．7kg／hm^2,比对照垦稻10号平均增产11．5％,区域试验平均产量8016．1kg／hm^2,平均比对照增产12．4％,生产试验平均产量8160．2kg／hm^2,平均比对照龙稻3号增产12．0％。     

早熟优质抗病品种龙粳15号的选育及其栽培技术

龙粳15号是黑龙江省农科院水稻研究所采用有性杂交和系统育种技术路线培育而成的水稻品种,2006年3月通过黑龙江省农作物品种审定委员会审定,具有早熟、优质、抗病等特点。预备试验平均产量7441．8kg／hm^2,比对照品种合江19号增产26．4％;3年区域试验平均产量7653．4kg／hm^2,比对照合江19号增产6．0％;生产试验平均产量8075．5kg/hm^2,比对照合江19号增产10．9％。     

早熟、优质、高产、抗病油菜新品种中双六号的选育

中双六号具早熟、优质、高产、抗病性强、适应性广、含油量高等特点。在湖北省区试中平均产量2613．75kg／hm^2,比对照中油821增产6．75％;在全国区域试验中平均产量1894．95kg／hm^2,比对照中油821增产17．33％。熟期比对照中油821早3d;含油量42．5％。2000年通过湖北省品种审定委员会审定。     

高产优质出口型大花生新品种花育19号

花育 1 9号系山东省花生研究所以 792 66优良株系为母本 ,莱农 1 3号为父本进行杂交 ,后代采用系谱法进行选择而育成的普通型早熟出口大花生新品种。 2 0 0 2年 4月通过全国农作物品种审定委员会审定。品质性状 :该品种属普通型大花生品种 ,荚果普通型 ,籽仁椭圆形 ,内种皮金黄色 ,符合普通型传统出口大花生标准。 2 0 0 2年经农业部食品质量监督检验测试中心 (济南 )测试 ,脂肪含量 52 .99% ;蛋白质含量 2 8.6% ;油酸 /亚油酸比值 1 .97,均比对照鲁花 9号高。产量表现 :在全国北方片两年品种区试中 ,平均单产荚果 443 1ｋｇ/ｈｍ2 ,比对照…     

花生新品种天府19号、天府20号通过四川省农作物品种审定委员会审定

四川省南充市农业科学研究所育成的早熟高产加工型花生新品种天府19号、天府20号于2009年5月通过四川省农作物品种审定委员会审定。天府19号（005—17—2）经2007、2008年四川省花生区试，10个点次试验均表现增产，荚果平均单产4957．8k．g／hm^2，     

高产优质大花生新品种—花选1号

花选１号系山东省花生研究所最新育成的高产优质大花生新品种。该品种系用辐射与杂交相结合育成的８２２３作母本,鲁花１０号作父本,经有性杂交育成。产量表现：１９９６～１９９７年山东省花生新品种春播区域试验两年１９点次平均荚果产量３９６４．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,比...     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.     

Cytoplasmic substitution inSolanum. II. Tuber characteristics of reciprocal backcross progeny

Summary Recurrent backcrosses (BC) were used to introduce nuclear factors ofS. tuberosum L. ssp.tuberosum into the cytoplasm of Andean potatoesS. tuberosum ssp.andigena (Juz. and Buk.) Hawkes andS. phureja Juz. and Buk. Each generation BC was produced in reciprocal directions to test the effect of cytoplasmic substitution on yield. This report analyses tuber number, tuber weight, and tuber length of BC₂ and BC₃ substitution into ssp.andigena cytoplasm and BC₂ and BC₂ substitutions intoS. phureja cytoplasm. Direction of cross had no consistent significant effect on yield components of ssp.andigena substitution lines. InS. phureja reciprocal progenies direction of cross was responsible for significant differences of some reciprocal sets. When there were significant differences the higher yield usually occurred when ssp.tuberosum was the pistillate parent, but in some progenies when ssp.tuberosum was the pistillate parent the yield was significantly lower than in the reciprocals. It is suggested that differences between reciprocals resulted from chromosomally encoded gene action, resulting from maternal and/or paternal effects, rather than cytoplasmic factors. Authorized for publication as paper No. 7494 in the Journal Series of The Pennsylvania Agriculture Experiment Station.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.