大豆植株高度变化规律的分析

2011年,选择北豆5号(无限结荚习性)和黑河43号(亚有限结荚习性)2个当地主栽不同结荚习性的品种进行试验,试验证明亚有限结荚习性和无限结荚习性大豆株高生长都是呈S形曲线,先缓慢,中间加快,后又平缓,7月4日以前和8月3日后,株高生长变化很小,株高生长主要在7月份。因此在农业生产上,大豆株高的主要调控措施应选择在7月份。     

S·B技术与掐尖处理对大豆农艺性状及产量的影响

采用亚有限型品种辽豆16和有限型品种辽豆17,研究了应用S·B技术处理种子、在4叶期进行掐尖等处理对不同结荚习性大豆品种农艺性状与产量的影响.结果表明:"S·B"种子处理对不同结荚习性大豆品种的农艺性状、产量性状以及经济系数影响不显著.掐尖处理对不同结荚习性大豆品种农艺性状、经济产量和生物产量的影响较大,且作用方向不同.掐尖处理可减少亚有限型品种辽豆16经济产量5.3%,增加生物产量9.1%;增加有限型品种辽豆17经济产量10.6%、生物产量36.6%."S·B"+ 掐尖处理共同作用于辽豆16和辽豆17时,掐尖处理是主要影响因子,"S·B"处理所起作用甚微.     

大豆品种杂交回交后代生育时期结构的遗传改良

采用2个辽宁省育成的有限结荚习性大豆品种和2个美国俄亥俄州立大学育成的亚有限结荚习性品种进行杂交和回交,对其后代生育时期结构的遗传改良效应进行了研究.结果表明:有限结荚习性亲本生殖生长期、开花期、结荚期的天数均显著低于亚有限结荚习性亲本,用有限型品种做轮回父本或母本对其回交后代营养生长期和结荚期的天数均无显著影响,杂交母本对有限型亲本回交后代生育时期结构的影响较大,用亚有限型亲本做轮回亲本对其回交后代生育时期结构的影响也较大.     

黄淮海地区夏大豆农艺性状与产量的多元回归和通径分析

应用多元统计方法,分析了黄淮海地区73份夏大豆农艺性状与产量之间的关系。结果表明:影响夏大豆产量的主要农艺性状因品种结荚习性的不同而有所差异。在亚有限型大豆品种中,每荚粒数、单株荚数、株高和单株粒重对产量的直接作用较大;在有限型大豆品种中,单株粒数、生育期、茎粗和株高对产量的直接作用较大。在品种选育上,对于亚有限大豆品种,应优先选择单株粒重较高的单株,尤其是注重多荚和多粒性状的选择;对于有限型大豆品种,应选择生育期与单株粒重间平衡较好的单株,能充分发挥高产潜力。     

哈尔滨地区无限结荚习性大豆理想株型冠层模式的探讨

通过哈尔滨地区15个无限结荚习性大豆品种顶荚形成初期的不同冠层叶面积指数(LAI)、不同冠层光截获(RLI)、全冠层光合生产率(RDMP)等光合生理生态性状对株荚数(NPP)、株粒数(NSP)、株粒重(SWP)、粒茎比(SSR)、主茎荚数(PMS)及主茎荚/节(PNMS)等产量性状多元回归方程集合的分析,明确该光合生理生态性状对此等产量性状形成效应及其对株型改良的影响。进而,在哈尔滨地区大豆生育期、结荚习性、叶形、种粒大小、化学品质及抗病虫性等生态类型的基础上,初步建立了哈尔滨地区亩产450斤左右的无限结荚习性大豆顶荚形成初期的理想株型优良冠层模式。试图为大豆理想株型育种提供一定科学依据。     

种植密度对辽宁省主栽大豆品种主要性状及产量的影响

选用当前辽宁省主栽的两种不同结荚习性的4个大豆品种,对不同种植密度处理两种结荚类型大豆品种的农艺性状、产量构成性状、群体产量和品质进行分析比较。结果表明：有限结荚类型品种辽豆15号和铁丰29号适宜种植密度在12万-15万株／hm^2;亚有限结荚类型品种辽豆21号和铁丰31号适宜种植密度在18万株／hm^2左右。随种植密度增加,品种的株高、籽粒蛋白质含量呈现递增趋势,而有效分枝数、单株粒重和百粒重等性状及籽粒脂肪含量呈现递减趋势;种植密度对不同结荚类型大豆品种的主茎节数、百粒重和群体产量影响存在较大差异。     

磷素对不同品质类型大豆光合生理的影响

以6个不同品质类型(普通型、高油型和高蛋白型各2个)的亚有限结荚习性大豆品种为材料,采用裂区试验设计,研究了3个磷素水平(0、82.5、165.0 kg.hm-2P2O5)对不同品质类型大豆叶片光合生理的影响。结果表明:施磷对不同品质类型大豆开花期至鼓粒期的光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、叶面积指数和水分利用效率有较大影响,且施磷有利于提高各品质类型大豆的光合速率、气孔导度等光合生理指标。此外,施磷使生育后期大豆的光合速率、气孔导度等下降速度减缓,其中对高蛋白品种的影响最为明显。高蛋白品种在高磷(165.0 kg.hm-2P2O5)处理下的光合速率、气孔导度等的下降速度均最为缓慢。     

无限结荚习性与亚有限结荚习性大豆品种根系性状的比较研究

采用盆栽方法，对黑龙江省和吉林省的19份无限结英习性大豆品种和17份亚有限结荚习性大豆品种的根系性状进行了比较研究。结果表明：两种不同结荚习性大豆品种根系性状存在差异，与无限结荚习性大豆品种相比，亚有限结荚习性大豆品种根量多，根体积庞大，根表面积大，侧根发达。     

大豆光合指标日变化规律及其与产量关系研究

为探究大豆光合特性日变化规律及其与产量相关性,更好地预测和评价大豆产量并筛选高产高光效大豆品种,以4个生育期差异较小、产量差异较大的大豆品种临豆9号、潍豆9号、菏豆12号和齐黄34为材料,测定不同品种在开花期、结荚期、鼓粒期和成熟期4个主要生育期的光合指标和叶绿素荧光参数变化规律及其与大豆产量的关系。结果表明:在开花期至成熟期,光合速率日变化呈单峰或双峰曲线,最高峰值出现在10∶00;高产品种齐黄34在鼓粒期和成熟期光合速率日均值显著高于其它品种;产量在结荚期和鼓粒期与Pn日均值、ΦPSⅡ日均值呈显著正相关,与Ci日均值呈显著负相关;鼓粒期和成熟期,Gs日均值与产量呈显著正相关,结果说明结荚期至成熟期,Pn、Gs、Ci、ΦPSⅡ日均值是高产、高光效品种鉴定评价的重要指标。     

播期对大豆生育进程和产量的影响

选择东升1号(无限结荚习性)和黑河43号(亚有限结荚习性)两个品种,利用不同时期的不同温度,探讨温度对大豆生育进程的影响,确定大豆各生育进程所必需的积温和日数,为在指导大豆生产时选择品种和确定播期提供可靠的依据。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.