不同土壤类型马铃薯对镉的富集转运差异研究

喀斯特碳酸盐岩地区具有典型的重金属镉(Cadmium)地质高背景特征,为探明区域地带性土壤黄壤和岩成土壤石灰性土上种植马铃薯对Cd胁迫的响应,利用黄壤和石灰性土进行盆栽试验,土壤Cd浓度梯度设置为0.3,0.6,1.2,2.4和4.8 mg/kg,研究Cd胁迫下马铃薯不同生长时期各部位Cd含量的变化,采用富集和转运系数分析Cd在土壤-马铃薯系统中的迁移转化特性。结果表明,随着土壤Cd浓度增加,马铃薯植株各部位Cd含量上升,表现为根茎叶块茎;随着马铃薯生长期加长,植株对Cd的富集能力逐渐增强,富集系数表现为成熟期淀粉积累期块茎膨大期苗期花期;马铃薯植株Cd富集系数平均为6.90(黄壤)和3.66(石灰性土),块茎Cd富集系数为0.95(黄壤)和0.36(石灰性土);各生长期Cd转运系数表现出根-茎根-叶根-块茎,在黄壤和石灰性土上植株转运系数均值为0.89和0.66,块茎转运系数均值为0.11和0.17,总体表现为黄壤上马铃薯的富集和转运系数大于石灰性土。在Cd胁迫下,马铃薯植株比块茎(可食部分)有相对较强的富集和转运能力,除黄壤马铃薯成熟期富集系数外,两种土壤上块茎的富集系数和转运系数均小于1,整体表现出高富集、低转运的特点。     

马铃薯对硒的吸收及生物富集规律

分析了不同马铃薯品种(系)和马铃薯采集地土壤中的硒含量,研究了不同马铃薯品种(系)对硒元素的吸收及富集情况。结果表明:不同品种(系)马铃薯的硒累积量具有很大差异,品系‘0602-65’的硒积累量明显高于其他品种;不同品种(系)马铃薯对硒的吸收富集能力差异较大,品系‘0602-65’对硒的富集能力最强,其次为品系‘09012-74’;对不同器官马铃薯的研究结果显示,马铃薯不同器官对硒的吸收富集能力也不同,其富集规律为茎>叶>根>块茎,马铃薯的茎干部位对硒的吸收能力较强,硒元素主要富集在马铃薯的茎干部位。     

应用PCR技术快速检测马铃薯环腐病菌

根据马铃薯环腐病菌16SrDNA基因片段核苷酸序列设计引物(引物1∶5-′TGTACTCGGCCAT-GACGTTGG-3′和引物2∶5-′TACTGGGTCATGTTGGT-3)′,进行马铃薯环腐病菌PCR特异性扩增试验。合成的引物能从马铃薯环腐病菌总基因组DNA和细菌纯培养,以及人工接种和自然发病的马铃薯块茎中特异性扩增环腐病菌16SrDNA基因片段1046bp。该试验结果为马铃薯环腐病的鉴定、检测及病害流行学研究提供了新的技术和方法。     

磷矿复垦地马铃薯镉和铅含量及分布规律

利用火焰原子吸收法测定了种植于磷矿复垦地马铃薯植株不同器官中镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)重金属的含量。结果表明,在磷矿复垦地土壤Cd、Pb含量高于土壤无机污染物的二级标准条件下,马铃薯块茎中Cd、Pb含量都超过安全食用标准;马铃薯植株中不同器官Cd、Pb的分布具有明显规律,块茎、根、茎、叶的含量差异显著,呈逐渐增加趋势,叶片是积累2种重金属含量最多的器官,块茎含量最低;随生育期延长,成熟期马铃薯根、茎、叶中的Cd含量较现蕾期略有增加。马铃薯各器官对2种重金属元素的富集系数不同,对Cd的富集作用明显大于对Pb的富集作用,因此即使在低Cd土壤中种植马铃薯也需要谨慎选择。     

养分管理对马铃薯安全贮藏的影响

马铃薯贮藏造成的经济损失数额巨大,如何控制贮藏损失已成为马铃薯产业亟待解决的问题。为探明田间养分管理与马铃薯安全贮藏的关系,试验设置不同氮、磷、钾施肥梯度,研究其对马铃薯块茎养分含量的影响,以及不同处理块茎养分含量与马铃薯贮藏期干腐病的发病情况的关系。研究结果显示,在一定范围内,块茎氮、钾营养状况对马铃薯贮藏安全存在影响;从马铃薯贮藏安全的角度给出临界块茎氮含量应小于12.66 g/kg,临界块茎钾含量应大于20.43 g/kg。     

马铃薯青枯病菌的PE-ELISA检测

PE ELISA (Post EnrichmentEnzyme -linkedImmunosorbentAssay)是一种快速、经济、有效的马铃薯青枯菌检测方法 ,较普通NCM ELISA方法灵敏度提高 10 0万倍 ,与DAS -ELISA、NASH等方法一样灵敏、可靠 ,特别是对处于潜伏期感染而没有表现出症状的马铃薯块茎的检测更为有效     

马铃薯青枯病菌生化型研究及菌株接种方法的比较

试验测定了我国山东、广东和广西3省的马铃薯青枯病菌生化型,结果表明:被测菌株包含了生化型Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ4种生化型,其中生化型Ⅱ和Ⅲ为优势生化型,均占被测菌株的40%,被测菌株中未测定出生化亚型。同时,比较了通过伤根灌注法和刺茎法这两种方法在番茄幼苗上接种马铃薯青枯病菌的接种效果,结果表明:与刺茎法相比较,伤根灌注法操作简便,幼苗发病快,发病级数高,是理想的青枯病菌接种方法。     

整薯播种防治马铃薯青枯病

<正> 种薯带病是马铃薯青枯病的主要传播途径,本文专谈谈整薯播种防效和技术。 1 整薯播种防效马铃薯青枯病菌为害维管束部位。薯皮具有保护、防病的性能。切块可传病,整薯直播具有顶端优势。故出苗整齐粗壮,有防治青枯病的效益,我所1959～1984年,共进行9次整薯直播和切块播种对比试验。供试     

嵌套式PCR超灵敏检测马铃薯环腐病菌

马铃薯种薯中存在环腐病菌潜伏侵染,这种潜伏侵染逐代累积、逐渐表现症状,这是马铃薯环腐病无法根除的根本原因。本研究应用国外成功报道的根据存在于pCS1质粒和环腐菌染色体中一个1.3 kb的插入因子IS1121、高度重复的DNA片段设计的环腐病菌亚种特异性引物序列合成出引物对CMSIF1-CMSIR1和引物对CMSIF2-CMSIR2。以环腐标准菌株、黑龙江省环腐菌株以及马铃薯上其它主要的细菌病原菌(青枯病、软腐病、黑胫病)为试验材料进行直接PCR和嵌套式PCR扩增,结果只有环腐标准菌株和黑龙江省环腐菌株出现特异性片段(直接PCR扩增出1046 bp的片段,嵌套式PCR扩增出864 bp的片段)。将环腐菌纯菌种菌悬液稀释成浓度梯度并与马铃薯组织液混合进行直接PCR和嵌套式PCR检测灵敏度比较,结果表明嵌套式PCR检测灵敏度比直接PCR检测灵敏度提高了100￣1000倍。以明显感病症状的块茎、无明显感病症状的块茎和健康块茎为试验材料进行直接PCR和嵌套式PCR,结果除明显感病症状块茎外,所有无明显感病症状的块茎也均被检测出带有环腐病菌。     

应用表型和分子学方法鉴别花生青枯病菌的不同株系

应用表型和分子学方法鉴别花生青枯病菌的不同株系Ｍ．Ｔａｇｈｖｉ等１引言由花生青枯病菌（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓｓｏｌａｎｃｅａｒｕｍ）引起的细菌枯萎病是热带、亚热带及部分暖温带地区危害最严重、分布最广泛的病害之一。青枯病能为害马铃薯、西红柿、烟草、花生...     

Effects of Foliar and Tuber Sprout Suppressants on Storage of Ware Potatoes under Tropical Conditions

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important source of dietary carbohydrate and cash income generation for farmers in the tropical highlands of Kenya. The feasibility for cold storage at the farm level is limited due to the high costs of maintaining such a facility and there is limited data on the long-term post-harvest storage and quality of tubers of tropical-adapted cultivars. Application of sprout suppressants to control premature sprouting of ware potato is an attractive proposition. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of pre-harvest foliar applications of paclobutrazol (PBZ) and ethephon for sprout suppression on ware potato tubers in storage. Post-harvest spray applications of Isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl carbamate) chloropropham (CIPC) and 1,4-dimethylnaphthalene (DMN) on tubers as fog was also evaluated. Potato cultivars had varying levels of tuber dormancy. The tubers were stored at ambient temperature (23 C) and evaluated weekly for 24 weeks for percent of tubers sprouting, length of longest sprouts, tuber weight loss and assessed for dormancy for 24 weeks. Paclobutrazol prolonged tuber dormancy by 21–31 days and reduced tuber weight loss. Ethephon treatment had no effect on dormancy and tuber weight loss. Potato tubers treated with CIPC had greater sprout control than the other treatments in storage. Tuber response to DMN treatment varied among the three potato cultivars evaluated. The findings from this study imply that PBZ is effective in prolonging potato tuber dormancy for short-term basis at 23 C, while CIPC applied on tubers was effective for long term storage. Optimization of post-harvest potato storage can improve food security in the highland tropics.     

Potato selection for high dry-matter in seedling generation

Potato selection for high dry-matter can be made in the first-year seedling generation reducing the time required to complete a breeding cycle to one year. Yielding capacity of first-year seedlings can be as good as that of plants from tubers of clonal generation and from commercial varieties.     

Electrolyte leakage of aging potato tubers and its relationship with sprouting capacity

Summary With advancing physiological age of potato tubers an increase in electrolyte leakage from tuber tissue was observed for various seed lots. This increase was most marked after tubers exhibited sprout growth and corresponded with a decline in tuber water content. Leakage increased minimally with storage time when sprouting was prevented or limited by either dormancy, low storage temperature, or frequent desprouting. Sprouting capacity of tubers increased to a maximum and then declined with storage time. This decline coincided with the increase in electrolyte leakage, suggesting that membrane integrity was one determinant in vigour of seed potato tubers. The pattern of electrolytes leaking from tuber tissue could be described by a function composed of a saturable and a linear component, suggesting two different sources contributing to the leakage. The saturable component, expected to reflect membrane integrity, was most responsive to aging treatments. H/LA Paper No. 93-13. Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Project No. 1984. College of Agriculture and Home Economics Research Center, Washington State University. This work was supported in part by grant funding from the Washington State Potato Commission.     

Modification of serological techniques and their evaluation for detection of potato viruses in seed certification related activities

Development of alternative serological techniques to ELISA for detection of potato viruses offers advantages for monitoring virus incidence and for seed potato certification systems. Several trials showed that multiplex tissue print immunoassay (TPIA) and dot blot immunoassay (DBIA) might represent fast, practical, and sensitive alternatives for the detection of: Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV), Potato virus S (PVS), Potato virus X (PVX) and Potato virus Y (PVY), from green and/or tuber tissues. In TPIA, the specific precipitation patterns in infected tissues of leaf petioles or stem cross sections, observed with each virus, allowed identification of the specific virus or mixed infections in a single multiplex assay. For detection of PVY in green tissues, DBIA was shown to be over 50 times more sensitive than ELISA. TPIA and ELISA from the tuber stem end or from eyes might be used for rapid detection of PVY and PVS in seed potato tubers without prior germination. PVS was evenly distributed in potato tuber tissue, while PVY was localized in the vascular tissue beneath the epidermis, with irregular distribution along the periphery of the potato tuber. For laboratories in developing countries lacking time and facilities for tests based on tuber germination, monitoring for PVS and PVY using TPIA in tuber tissue may be a suitable alternative to ELISA.     

On-farm evaluation of true potato seed in the Philippines

Potato production using true potato seed (TPS) was evaluated with a cooperative group of farmers. The cooperative grew TPS or seed tubers (1 to 3 g) produced from TPS in beds in screenhouses to avoidPseudomonas solanacearum (BW). From 250 to 400 tubers/m² were obtained. Tubers > 3 g were replanted by farmers at high elevation for further multiplication. Yields always exceeded the control (clonally produced cultivar). Seed tubers from TPS of 3 to 5 g produced up to 32 t/ha resulting in a multiplication rate of 145:1. Farmers are in various stages of adopting this technology. An early maturing progeny with resistance to BW is needed to permit a more rapid spread of this technology.     

Potato： A Favorable Crop for Plant Molecular Farming

Molecular farming refers to the production ofrecombinant proteins in heterologous expressionsystems.The recent advances in genomics andproteomics resulted in identification of several newgenes.These have to be functionally characterized toexplore their probable use in diverse applications.Itis quite unlikely that a single expression system couldsupport the production of these proteins,thereforethere is a needtoidentifyandanalyzedifferentnovelex-pression systems for the recombinant protein prod…     

Inheritance of glucose content in tubers of diploid potato families

During two consecutive years 17 unselected families of diploid potatoes in comparison to their parents and standard cultivars were assessed for glucose content in tubers. Glucose content was evaluated using Potato Test Strips in tubers stored at 10 C, 4 C, and 4 C followed by reconditioning at 18 C. Distribution of glucose content in families indicated that the trait is inherited in a polygenic way. Transgressive individuals in families in comparison to respective parents were found in all treatments applied. Maternal effect on glucose content in tubers was found in one out of three tested families after cold storage (4 C) and the same families after reconditioning. Analysis of variance showed significant influence of year on the trait. Significance of GCA and SCA showed that both additive effects and genetic interactions are involved in determining of glucose content in tubers in all applied treatments. It was found that glucotests can be recommended for evaluation of chipping ability in early stages of selection.     

Mosaic Virus Symptoms in Potato Crops and the Occurrence of Growth Cracking in Tubers

Infection of potato plants by viruses causing mosaic symptoms may result in a reduction in crop yield, depending on severity of symptoms and incidence. In 2004 and 2007, an investigation was undertaken to examine the relationship between plants with mosaic symptoms and the occurrence of growth cracking in daughter tubers. Samples of pairs of plants affected by mosaic symptoms and plants with no symptoms were collected from nine potato crops, of which seven were cv. Estima, containing at least 20% mosaic-affected plants. Growth cracking was more prevalent on mosaic-affected plants of cv. Estima than on plants with no symptoms. The incidence of growth cracking was much greater on plants showing mosaic symptoms caused by a mixed infection of Potato virus A and Potato virus V together than on symptomatic plants infected by either virus alone. The presence of virus in plants with no symptoms did not affect the incidence of tubers affected by cracking. In a crop of the advanced selection Blue Tzar, plants with mosaic symptoms caused by Potato virus Y ^N produced more tubers with cracking than plants with no symptoms. Growth cracking did not occur in the one sampled crop of cv. Désirée infected by Potato virus A.