马铃薯脱毒原原种微型化生产和微型薯应用

马铃薯脱毒原原种微型化生产的技术关键在于控制植株个体生长;而其首要条件是种苗基础和营养水平.利用普通日光温室,在瓶苗假植或使用已有的微型薯育苗的基础上,采取砂床剪枝扦插和高密度少肥栽培生产微型薯,比移栽瓶苗或直播微型薯的办法更好.即在剪枝扦插后40天收获,平均获得单薯重1～5克的微型薯个数占总数的(76.0～91.6%,最高达100%.单薯重1克以上的4个规格1～3克、大于3克、大于5克、大于10克)微型薯直播亩产达1806～2194公斤,接近或超过大薯切块直播(1962公斤/亩),但4个规格微型薯的含量不呈规律性差异.单薯重小于1克的微型薯育苗移栽亩产达2299公斤,略高于大规格微型薯直播产量.但考虑其利用价值,将单薯重小于1克的微型薯作为脱毒原原种微型化生产的基础种苗使用更合适.     

不同大小整薯播种的产量变异规律及其经济效益——马铃薯整薯播种研究之二

1980～1982年,通过田间试验,对马铃薯不同大小整薯播种的产量变异规律及其经济效益进行了研究。结果表明,生产单位块薯产量所需种薯数量与种薯大小呈极显著的线性关系;马铃薯产量与种薯大小呈渐近状曲线相关;净产量与种薯大小呈抛物线性曲线相关。求得其极大值,3年平均为50.4±3.5克。马铃薯繁殖倍数与种薯大小两者的关系具有双曲线的性质,它在第一象限随种薯大小的增大而递次降低。不同大小种薯所产块茎的商品率3年平均,以111.2克为准时,种薯大小为10,30,50,80和150克,各处理所产块茎商品率依次为88.1,77.6,69.7,62.8和48.7％,以50克为准时,各处理所产块茎商品率依次为99.2,98.4,97.6,96.9和94.0％,都在90％以上。     

马铃薯小薯种用效果的研究

<正> 一、前言在长期的生产过程中,我们逐步对马铃薯小薯的种用价值有了新的认识.本试验研究了利用小薯作为种薯,以解决种薯不足,有利保种,加速扩繁,并通过一定的补助措施,达到增产增收的目的. 为摸索小薯作种,探讨50克以下小整薯的实用效果,我们从1979～1981年在海城县腾鳌镇永安科研队做了不同小薯对比及其有关主要因素的栽培试验,获得很好的经济效果.三年来试验结果表明:10～40克的无病小薯作种经济效果好,可以省种50～70%,提高产量9.7～39%,其中以10克小薯最经济,比切块增产21.4%.     

种株提早杀死薯秧对随后发芽、生理成熟和块茎产量的影响

健康和高产种薯的生产与病毒病的控制以及其他栽培措施,如减缓块茎的生理成熟密切相关。在1983/1984,1984/1985和1985/1986这3季,将品种Bonaerens La Ballenera MAA种株提早杀死薯秧。收获后,种薯堆放贮藏在大田中,然后评价种薯的发芽能力、生理成熟和块茎产量。结果表明,提早杀死薯秧既不影响种薯的上述性状变化,又不降低所收获种薯的品质。     

马铃薯微型薯田间繁殖的研究

以马铃薯晚熟品种“下寨６５”为试验材料,研究了离体诱导微型薯直播田间繁殖块茎繁殖脱毒田间１～５代种薯的质量和效率。结果表明,生育阶段比同品种网室繁殖脱毒小薯同代脱毒种薯略迟;生长势、株高、茎粗、主茎分枝数、单株叶面积、根系数、匍匐茎数和匍匐茎长度等生长发育指标,ＰＶＸ、ＰＶＹ、ＰＬＲＶ和ＰＶＡ等重要病毒害发病率及病情指数,干腐病和软腐病发病率,晚疫病发病率和叶面枯死率相同;未发现环腐病和黑经病。单薯重量平均４５．１ｇ,随田间种植代数增加而增大;单株结薯数、单位面积结薯数逐代减小,脱毒田间１～４代单株产量和单位面积产量逐代增加,繁殖效率与脱毒小薯相同,故离体诱导微型薯田间繁殖块茎繁殖脱毒种薯是经济有效且切实可行的。     

湘薯11号

湘薯11号(原编号78—76)系湖南农学院农学系粮作教研室用农林4号为母本,安红1号为父本杂交选育而成。 该品种具有双高(鲜、干产高),多抗,适应性强,萌芽性好,茎叶繁茂,再生力强,耐贮藏等特点。一般亩产1500～2300公斤,最高达4000公斤以上;晒干率一般为32～34％,最高可达40％以上;淀粉含量23％左右。熟食粉多,略带栗香味,甜味适中,食味较好。1985—1987年,全省区试结果,鲜薯亩产2330.3公斤,干薯亩产700.3公斤,分别比对照增产17.5％和16.7％。该品种除     

高产、稳产、鲜食马铃薯新品种‘延薯10号’

新品种‘延薯10号’是2007年以‘延薯7号’作母本、以‘早大白’作父本,有性杂交获得实生籽,经过各世代鉴定筛选而育成。2019年通过非主要农作物品种登记,登记编号:GPD马铃薯(2019)220016。2017～2018年适应性试验平均产量2 947 kg/667m~2,比对照‘克新13号’增产31.0%;鲜薯粗蛋白含量2.10%,淀粉含量11.06%,干物质含量14.80%,还原糖含量0.72%,维生素C含量187.4 mg/kg;‘延薯10号’抗马铃薯X病毒,中抗马铃薯Y病毒,抗马铃薯晚疫病。该品种适宜在北方一季作生态区吉林省、黑龙江省和内蒙古自治区春季种植。     

特色甘薯新品种--龙薯9号

龙薯9号系福建省龙岩市农业科学研究所,于1998年利用岩薯5号作母本,金山57作父本通过有性杂交选育而成,原系号Ⅰ202.该品种株型半直立,短蔓,单株分枝8～10条,顶叶绿色,叶型心齿,叶脉淡紫,叶柄绿色,柄基淡紫色,蔓绿色.蔓粗中等,单株结薯数5个左右,薯块下纺形,薯皮红色,肉色淡红色,晒干率21%左右,出粉率10%左右,食味品质略低于金山57,高抗蔓割病,高抗薯瘟Ⅰ型,高感薯瘟Ⅱ型.     

九江县苎麻速成、优质、高产栽培技术的调查与探讨

苎麻速成、优质、高产栽培,即通过采用推广良种、早育苗、早移栽、合理密植、科学施肥、精细管理、及时收获以及搞好病虫防治等综合栽培技术,达到当年育苗,当年移栽、当年丰产(亩产40公斤以上),翌年高产(亩产90公斤以上)的目的。1985、86两年,全县推广该项技术2349亩,占发展总面积的11.5%。当年亩产分别达到46.6、48.0公斤,比未推广该项技术的亩产分别增加22.7、33.0公斤,增长率为99.6%、220%;翌年平均亩产达到92.3公斤,比未推广该项技术的亩产增加14.3公斤,增长率     

种薯二等分纵切对甘薯产秧量的影响

在美国,大多数商用甘薯是利用膨大了的贮藏根来繁殖秧苗。秧苗繁殖的特点随栽培品种而定。把生产有利用价值秧苗的数量提高到最大限度,同时把生产它们所需要的时间降到最低限度,可减轻育秧成本,便于提早移栽。尽管小贮藏根的产苗量常常少于大贮藏根的,然而通常却喜欢用小薯块排种,因后者比等量大薯块的产秧量多。催芽处理能增加早秧的产量。为了检查其薯块内部品质,可以把薯块切成薄片,而后将该薯块的近顶梢排种育苗。该方法可彻底评价其內部品质,但在很大程度上却削减了贮藏根的产苗潜力。在佐治亚州,很多栽     

整薯播种对马铃薯生育及产量的影响

1979～1984年,在黑龙江省北部黑土地区气象条件、生产水平和栽培条件下,通过田间试验,研究了整薯播种对马铃薯生育和产量的影响。结果表明:整薯播种与传统习惯的切块播种相比,6年期间平产出现频率为2次,一般年份整薯播种比切块播种增产9～12%,在春旱严重的1980年,整薯播种表现出非常突出的抗旱保苗效果。在群体叶面积发展进程上,整薯播种表现早发早衰,切块播种晚发晚表,一般年份光合势前者比后者高9.6%,春旱严重的1980年高82.8%。块茎商品率以112.5克为准时,6年平均整薯播种为74.1%,切块播种为80.0%,两者相差5.9%;以50克为准时,整薯播种为97.3%,切块播种为98.2%,两者相差0.9%。     

The infection pressure of potato leafroll virus and potato virus Y in relation to aphid populations in Cyprus

Summary The infection pressure of two viruses, potato leafroll (PLRV) and potato virus Y (PVY), both common in seed potatoes grown in Cyprus, was determined in three experiments in 1982–83. Virus-free bait plants, of potato and four other species, were exposed weekly to field infection during the growing season (March–June), and then returned to an aphid-free glasshouse for symptom expression. Only tobacco plants produced clear symptoms enabling reliable assessment of PVY infection pressure. When assessed with ELISA or by tuber indexing, the potato plants were efficient baits for both viruses whose infection period commenced at emergence (mid March to early April) and ended within 6–7 weeks. The seasonal trend of aphid populations, determined with Moericke traps or 100-leaf counts, correspond to that of virus spread. Correlation and regression analysis of aphid and virus data implicated the alate form ofMyzus persicae as the principal vector of both viruses.     

Comparative levels of potato viruses S and Y infection of microplants and tuber-propagated plants in the field

The practice of transplanting microplants from tissue-culture to the field was compared to normal tuber propagation with respect to the transmission and translocation of potato virus S (PVS) and potato virus Y (PVY) to the daughter tubers of Red Pontiac, Shepody, Kennebec, and Russet Burbank cultivars in Prince Edward Island in 1984 and 1985. In general, the use of microplants to produce seed stocks appeared to increase the risk of infection with both viruses, although the results for tuber infection with PVY were only significant in one of the years.     

河北省一季作区马铃薯病虫害发生及综合防控

河北省一季作区马铃薯主要病虫害有晚疫病、早疫病、黑痣病和二十八星瓢虫,此外,病毒引起的品种退化比较普遍,造成不同程度的损失。本文根据河北省一季作区马铃薯病虫害发生特点总结出一套综合防控技术体系,包括将马铃薯与玉米、大白菜等非茄科作物轮作3年减轻黑痣病危害;采用脱毒薯克服病毒引起的品种退化问题;种薯和(或)土壤消毒控制黑痣病和晚疫病;待马铃薯生长至封垄后,遇到适宜晚疫病发生的天气,喷施1～3次保护性杀菌剂预防晚疫病和早疫病;一旦监测到晚疫病中心病株后即拔除并装入塑料袋带出田外,并交替喷施有治疗效果、能兼治早疫病且作用机制不同的内吸性杀菌剂及混剂;田间出现马铃薯二十八星瓢虫成虫,在杀菌剂中混入高效氯氰菊酯或高效氯氟氰菊酯等高效杀虫剂防虫;马铃薯成熟前1～2周将地上部分割掉并运出田外后收获块茎。     

Production of seed potatoes in Cyprus: the effects of roguing and planting date on the spread of potato leaf roll virus,tuber yield,and infestation by potato tuber moth

Summary Field experiments during 1984–6 tested the effects of planting date on the development of aphid infestations and the spread of potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) in rogued or unrogued plots of potatoes, cv. Spunta. Plantings were made each month from December to April, the customary time for planting being February. Aphid infestation in early-planted plots was severe throughout the growing season; plots planted in February were also severely infested early in the growing season but the populations later gradually declined to undetectable levels. Nevertheless, the incidence of PLRV in the latter plots was as high as in those planted in December-January. Late-planted crops escaped aphid infestation and PLRV infection, either in part (March planting) or completely (April planting). Such crops, however, were uneconomical due to poor yields and heavy losses from potato tuber moth infestation. Roguing significantly reduced the spread of PLRV in all years but its interaction with planting date was insignificant.     

Effect of production temperature of seed potatoes on subsequent yielding potential

A two year experiment was conducted to test if the temperature environment under which seed potatoes are produced significantly affects the tuber development and yield of the resultant potato plants. Six temperature regimes were established in the controlled facility of the Biotron. Two generations ofSolanum tuberosum ‘Kennebec’ tubers were grown in these environments and the yielding ability of plants produced from these tubers was tested in greenhouse facilities. Plant growth and tuber yields were similar to those which might be expected under field conditions, and marked differences in the development and productivity as a result of the production environment of the seed tubers were apparent. However, no evidence was found to support the contention that seed potatoes originating from cooler environments had any increased potential to produce higher yielding plants than comparable seed from warm environments. Even within a generation, the highest yields were found in the warmest environments, somewhat modifying the concept that the potato is strictly a cool-season crop. Other possible non-pathogenic explanations for previously observed differences in seed quality as a result of the production environment are discussed.     

Volunteer potatoes as a source of potato leafroll virus and potato virus X

Volunteer potatoes were investigated as infection sources for potato leafroll virus (PLRV) and potato virus X (PVX) in a high elevation seed potato growing area of eastern Idaho. Population densities ofMyzus persicae were assessed. Percentage of PLRV and PVX infection of the volunteers and seed potato crops was determined, as well as density of volunteers and certain parameters of volunteer growth and reproduction. Volunteers apparently harbored no more PLRV than the potato crop from which they originated. But they were found to be an important reservoir of PVX with the infection increasing as much as 12.43% in one year. No aphids capable of transmitting PLRV were found although one species that can transmit potato virus Y was recorded. The mean density of volunteers varied from 0 to 84,880 stems/ha. The number of tubers remaining in the field after harvest and winter weather conditions appeared to be the only factors affecting volunteer density. Volunteer plants arising from seed pieces at an average depth of 6.1 cm were found to set an average of 2.1 new tubers per plant at an average depth of 4.0 cm. These results suggest that volunteer potatoes are a significant source of PVX infection in subsequent seed potato crops.     

不同世代脱毒马铃薯光合特性研究

对马铃薯品种鲁引1号不同世代脱毒马铃薯光合速率季节变化和日变化规律进行了研究。结果表明,不同世代脱毒马铃薯的光合速率季节变化及日变化规律相似,但商品薯的光合速率显著低于其它处理,尤以结薯期差异最大。2005年6月2日15:00,原原种、原种、生产种及商品薯的光合速率分别为21.1、22.2、21.8和15.3μmol CO2.m2/s,商品薯的光合速率比其它处理低40%左右。     

Effects of systemic insecticides on potato growth and their interaction with metribuzin

Effects of the soil systemic insecticides aldicarb, phorate, and disulfoton on potato growth were measured from 1984–1986 on the cultivars Russet Burbank and Centennial. In all seasons, aldicarb was observed to cause a significant promotion of flowering and in one season also caused increased haulm growth. Phorate caused a reduction in these growth parameters in one season. Temporary effects on early season yields were observed from the aldicarb treatment in one year but final yields were never significantly affected by insecticide use alone. During 1985–1986 additional treatments were investigated involving insecticide combinations with the herbicide metribuzin to determine possible insecticide-herbicide interactions. Phorate-metribuzin combinations caused synergistic metribuzin injury symptoms, decreased haulm growth and yield in 1986. Metribuzin also decreased yields of aldicarb treated potatoes in 1986 and disulfoton treated potatoes in 1985. Disulfoton-metribuzin combinations decreased flowering in 1985. These data suggest that soil systemic insecticides can have direct effects on potato growth, independent of effects on pest suppression, and that they may interact with other crop protection chemicals.     

Relationships of defined PVX infection levels to verticillium wilt,yield, and quality of the Russet Burbank potato

Field studies were conducted over a three-year period to investigate effects of potato virus X (PVX) on the Russet Burbank potato cultivar. Seed (PVX-free and PVX-infected) used for this three-year study originated from the same PVX-free source and was grown and stored under similar conditions. PVX-free seed was found to increase yield over PVX-infected plots by 9 to 32%. With these yield benefits, effects of PVX on either the incidence of verticillium wilt or plant nutrition were not significant. There was a trend (P = 0.10) for a reduction of mean tuber weight when the PVX infection level exceeded 19%. Because of increases of undersized potatoes, the yields of U.S. #1 potatoes were reduced as levels of PVX infection were increased. With a PVX infection level of 36%, the yield of U.S. #1 tubers was reduced by 21% when compared with plots having 0% PVX. At an 88% infection level, the yield of U.S. #l’s was reduced still further (36% lower than plots with 0% PVX). Results demonstrate the importance of the level of PVX infection to potato production.