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1.
不同耕作处理对土壤酶活性的影响   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
通过田间定位试验,研究吉林省西部半干旱区不同耕作处理(常规垄作、平作留茬免耕、平作灭茬覆盖)对土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,平作灭茬覆盖对播种前表层土土壤酶(脲酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶)活性的影响较大,这与平作灭茬覆盖处理下秸秆覆盖对土壤温度的影响有关;平作留茬免耕和平作灭茬覆盖对玉米生育期间土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶的影响较大,对土壤磷酸酶活性影响较小;平作留茬免耕对收获后土壤中过氧化氢酶及脲酶活性影响较大。在垂直方向上,随着土壤深度的增加,土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶的活性都表现为先升高后下降的趋势,土壤磷酸酶活性无规律。  相似文献   

2.
辽西地区垄作保护性耕作方式对玉米产量效应的影响研究   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4  
张雯  衣莹  侯立白 《玉米科学》2007,15(5):096-099
比较研究了不同垄作保护性耕作方式对玉米产量及其形成过程的影响。结果表明,垄作保护性耕作方式具有明显的增产效果,留茬免耕、留茬覆盖和灭茬免耕分别比传统耕作增产12.0%、13.6%和7.8%。垄作保护性耕作方式的干物质积累量和株高均表现为作物生长发育的前期低于传统耕作,在拔节期以后逐渐赶上并超过传统耕作,其单株干物重由大到小的顺序为:留茬覆盖>留茬免耕>灭茬免耕,平均株高整齐度由大到小的顺序为:灭茬免耕>传统耕作>留茬免耕>留茬覆盖。不同耕作方式玉米灌浆速率不同,其中保护性耕作方式玉米灌浆速率的优势表现在授粉15d以后。垄作保护性耕作方式的玉米穗行数、行粒数均优于传统耕作,其中又以留茬覆盖方式最佳,分别比传统耕作高出0.85和1.40个百分点。  相似文献   

3.
松嫩平原的玉米主产区在玉米连作情况下,以玉米灭茬耕作代之以刨茬耕作,是保持土壤肥力平衡,实现玉米持续高产、稳产的重要措施。研究结果表明,玉米根茬灭茬留地使土壤有机质归还率达50%以上,土壤腐殖质得到了更新;土壤养分释供能力和生物活性均有明显提高;土壤水分物理性质得到改善,从而在应用同样良种和配方施用化肥情况下,较刨除根茬的玉米持续稳产、高产、增产率达10%。  相似文献   

4.
不同耕层结构对玉米生长发育的影响   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
研究4种耕作方式创建的耕层构造即免耕全实耕层、翻耕全虚耕层、留茬深松虚实并存耕层、灭茬打垄上虚下实耕层对玉米生长发育的影响。结果表明,留茬深松虚实并存的耕层构造玉米植株形态优于其他3个耕层的处理,其株高和最大叶面积分别较灭茬打垄上虚下实耕层处理实提高8.37%和14.18%,气生根条数比灭茬打垄上虚下实耕层处理增加16.8条,净光合速率较灭茬打垄上虚下实耕层处理提高16.76%,4个处理在茎粗上差异不明显。留茬深松耕作方式创造的虚实并存耕层结构能够充分满足玉米生长发育的需求。  相似文献   

5.
在黑龙江垦区852农场研究了初期保护性耕作和秸秆还田对土壤温度、土壤水分、土壤容重和机械阻力等土壤物理特性及对玉米、大豆产量的影响,为中长期保护性耕作和秸秆还田的应用提供理论依据.试验于2009年进行,轮作顺序为大豆-玉米-玉米;大豆试验圃(前茬为玉米)和玉米试验圃(前茬为玉米)处理为免耕、灭茬还田、旋耕还田和传统耕作;玉米试验圃(前茬为大豆)处理包括免耕、直播还田、旋耕还田和传统耕作.结果表明:大豆试验圃(前茬为玉米)免耕和灭茬还田处理生育前期的土壤温度分别比传统耕作低3.38℃和2.6℃,玉米圃(前茬为大豆)免耕和直播处理同期的土壤温度分别比传统耕作低1.93℃和1.39℃;春季播种期大豆试验圃(前茬为玉米)免耕和灭茬还田处理的土壤体积含水量分别高于传统耕作9.3 %和4.8%,玉米试验圃(前作为大豆)免耕和直播还田处理的土壤体积含水量分别高于传统耕作16.0 %和12.6 %;此外,免耕模式的5~20 cm深度的土壤容重和0~25 cm的土壤机械阻力均显著高于传统耕作模式,但是均未达到对作物根系生长产生抑制的阀值;免耕和灭茬/直播还田模式前期的耕层低温并未对产量构成不利影响,与传统耕作相比并未显著减产.  相似文献   

6.
玉米保护性耕作措施水温效应及其产量效果分析   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
针对宁夏中部干旱带水资源贫乏、干旱频繁发生、土壤风蚀严重的特点,采取地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖、起垄、免耕等不同保护性耕作措施结合方式,与传统耕作的玉米进行对比试验。结果表明,整个生育期垄膜集水处理具有明显的保水效果,随着中后期降雨的增多,集雨效果更加明显;传统耕作+地膜覆盖和免耕+地膜覆盖处理玉米生长前期含水量最高,到抽穗期以后土壤含水量逐渐下降;秸秆覆盖各处理均有保水作用,整个生育期种植行间各层(5~25cm)平均地温的变化在苗期表现明显,传统耕作+地膜覆盖、免耕+地膜覆盖和起垄+地膜覆盖处理均提高地温,分别提高2.6℃、2.0℃和1℃,其他保护性耕作地温均低于传统耕作,免耕+秸秆覆盖温度最低,比传统耕作低2.1℃;穗期以后,各处理温差逐渐降低。垄膜集水措施和传统耕作+秸秆覆盖处理表现出增产,平均产量分别为17330.4kg/hm2和1109.52kg/hm2,较对照分别提高14%和11%。其他处理均表现出减产。  相似文献   

7.
保护性耕作对旱作玉米土壤微生物和酶活性的影响   总被引:24,自引:4,他引:20       下载免费PDF全文
研究了玉米关键生育时期不同保护性耕作措施对旱作玉米田土壤微生物和酶活性的影响。结果表明:随着玉米生育时期的推进,免耕留低茬、免耕留低茬+秸秆覆盖、免耕留高茬+秸秆覆盖、免耕留高茬4个处理土壤微生物细菌、放线菌、真菌和纤维素分解菌数量均显著增加,土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶的活性增强。在全生育期,保护性耕作处理土壤微生物细菌、放线菌、真菌和纤维素分解菌数量比传统耕作分别提高41.9%、470.1%、67.9%和65.7%,土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶的活性分别提高15.0%、18.5%和57.3%,且此效应受玉米生长发育进程的影响。表明保护性耕作有利于增加土壤有机质的累积,提高土壤肥力。  相似文献   

8.
不同耕作措施对土壤含水量及玉米出苗率的影响   总被引:15,自引:6,他引:9       下载免费PDF全文
研究了8种土壤耕作措施对春季土壤含水量及玉米出苗率的影响.结果表明,不同耕作措施间存在极显著的差异.在5~10 cm耕层内,秋起垄(秋整地)的土壤含水量高,与春整地的耕作措施存在极显著的差异;在11~15 cm耕层内,早春顶凌复垄措施的土壤含水量高,与其它6项耕作措施存在显著差异.秋翻地秋起垄早春顶凌复垄和不翻地秋起垄早春顶凌复垄的土壤耕作措施,玉米出苗率达到了88.7%以上。  相似文献   

9.
东北春玉米区耐老化膜常年覆盖种植模式研究初探   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
对东北地区春玉米耐老化膜常年覆盖种植及宽窄行留高茬交替休闲种植方式的研究结果表明,与传统种植方式相比,耐老化膜常年覆盖种植方式使生育期提前2~3d;播种出苗阶段及苗期0~20cm土壤平均含水量比均匀垄传统种植方式高1.15个百分点和0.8个百分点;增温效果明显,播种出苗阶段≥10℃积温较均匀垄传统种植方式高34.1℃·d;产量显著提高,较均匀垄传统种植方式高15.56%,达极显著水平。  相似文献   

10.
2011年6~8月进行2期池栽试验,研究土壤水分及农艺措施对夏玉米出苗及幼苗生长效应。结果表明,播种后镇压覆盖能够提高土壤含水量,平衡土壤温度,从而提高夏玉米出苗率,增强幼苗素质,提高苗期田间株高整齐度,有利于培育齐苗壮苗,在土壤水分不太充足时效果更为明显。为保证黄淮海夏玉米区的出苗质量,播种时的土壤最低持水量应保持土壤最大持水量的60%。  相似文献   

11.
Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants   总被引:7,自引:2,他引:5  
Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.  相似文献   

12.
Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.  相似文献   

13.
Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.  相似文献   

14.
种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。  相似文献   

15.
Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.  相似文献   

16.
Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N2 fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N2 and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the Nmin-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N2 fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.  相似文献   

17.
The herbs chicory ( C ichorium intybus L.) and plantain ( P lantago lanceolata L.) are increasingly popular summer forage cropping options for dairy producers. However, the impact of different establishment methods on their productivity is largely unknown. Four establishment methods for chicory and plantain crops sown into non‐cultivated ryegrass pastures in spring were compared. Establishment methods included direct‐drilling or broadcasting seed into existing pastures, with or without herbicide application before sowing in a 2 × 2 factorial design. It was hypothesized that plant establishment and growth would be enhanced by spraying to kill existing ryegrass pasture and direct‐drilling herbs (Spray and Drill, SD) compared with broadcasting seed with no herbicide application (Unsprayed and Broadcast, UB). This hypothesis was supported with an additional 2·1–2·3 t DM ha?1 grown over 201 d from swards established by SD, compared with swards established by UB. The SD method also increased the plant density of the herbs and reduced the proportion of weed species. Spraying and direct drilling is more expensive than broadcasting seed with no herbicide application, but the increase in yield means that extra feed can be supplied at less than half the cost of purchasing the equivalent amount of feed. Therefore, for optimal economic outcomes, chicory and plantain swards should be established by applying herbicide to existing pasture and direct‐drilling seed.  相似文献   

18.
芸薹属多倍体与二倍体作物 花柱及角果的发育差异   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。  相似文献   

19.
介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。  相似文献   

20.
施肥对小麦花生两熟制作物产量和品质的影响   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
利用盆栽试验,研究了小麦花生两熟制栽培条件下,有机肥(圈肥和豆饼)与无机肥(三料复合肥)配施及单施对小麦花生两熟制作物产量和品质的影响。结果表明施肥不仅能提高麦油两作的产量,同时对提高产品的品质亦有明显的作用,有机肥与化肥配施效果优于单施有机肥或化肥。  相似文献   

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