大豆炸荚特性及调控机制研究进展

为了探究大豆炸荚的形态学特征和调控机制,本文从荚的表观形态、解剖结构和荚壁的形态学,炸荚的物理张力、荚果水分含量和环境中相对湿度的作用,调控炸荚的关键酶和内源激素的生理学以及炸荚基因的定位、标记和克隆等分子生物学的角度,重点综述了有关大豆炸荚特性研究的最新进展,讨论了相关作物的研究成果,并展望了今后大豆炸荚研究需要重视的几个方面,为解析大豆炸荚机制和创制抗炸荚的大豆新种质提供参考。     

植物生长调节剂对大豆叶片同化物及内源激素代谢的影响

在大田栽培条件下，以垦农4号大豆（Glycine max）为材料，通过叶面喷施SOD模拟物（SODM）、2-N，N-二乙氨基乙基己酸酯（DTA-6）和氯化胆碱（Cc）3种植物生长调节剂，比较了大豆叶片中几种内源激素含量变化的差异，研究了大豆叶片中同化物代谢的差异，为大豆后期抗衰老和生理代谢功能的提高提供参考。结果表明：SODM和DTA-6处理明显提高了叶片中的可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖、硝态氮以及游离氨基酸含量，而调节剂Cc则表现不明显。另一方面，在喷药后5～30d，SODM明显的提高了IAA、GA以及CTK的含量，而在喷药后15～30d，DTA-6提高了IAA和CTK的含量，Cc则在不同程度上降低了IAA和CTK。综合分析表明，叶面喷施SODM和DTA-6，维持了叶片中同化物和内源激素的正常生理代谢功能，有效的提高了叶片抗氧化能力和控制了叶片的衰老进程。     

菜用大豆春播与夏播的比较研究

以辽00139-1、辽00128-1两个菜用大豆品系为试材,比较了菜用大豆春播与夏播的生育进程中各时期的生长动态、鲜荚产量构成因素及鲜荚产量.结果表明:夏播菜用大豆生长发育迅速,一般80 d左右即可采摘收获.从植株生长发育水平上分析:菜用大豆春播营养生长时期平均株高大于夏播菜用大豆;春播菜用大豆生育进程比夏播菜用大豆滞后.从产量性状分析:菜用大豆春播单株荚数多于夏播;春播与夏播百粒鲜重接近;百荚鲜重与品种有关;春播菜用大豆单株发育水平比夏播菜用大豆好,有效分枝数比夏播多.辽00139-1春播与夏播鲜荚产量分别为12510.5 kg·hm-2和5229.4 ks·hm-2;辽00128-1春播与夏播鲜荚产量分别为12282.1 kg·hm-2和6762.6 kg·hm-2.     

大豆叶片与花数和荚数形成的关系

以早(垦18)、中(黑农41)、晚(吉育60)熟3个亚有限型品种为材料,研究了主茎各节叶面积与花数和荚数垂直分布的关系,以及去叶对各节花、荚数等的影响.结果表明:除顶节外,主茎上叶面积大小、花数、成荚数自下而上均呈现先增加后减少的变化趋势,大豆顶节花数和荚数的形成具有明显的顶端优势,顶节花荚数多,叶片却很小,倒2节的花数和荚数形成具有明显的劣势;去幼叶后垦18、黑农41、吉育60的本节花数、成荚数都大幅度下降,成荚率却呈现显著的上升趋势;垦18去第5节和第7节刚全展开叶后,分别对第7节和第9节的花数、成荚数影响最大,黑农41和吉育60去第5节和第7节刚全展叶后,分别对第8节和第10节的花数、成荚数影响最大,去刚全展开叶大幅度降低对应节位的成荚数和成荚率;主茎中部节位叶片的伸长和停止时间早于同节豆荚,并随品种的生育期延长,间隔时间明显延长.大豆主茎中部各节的成荚数受制于相邻各节叶片的光合产物供应状况,各节叶片的光合产物供应状况又分别影响到相邻各节位的成荚数.协调大豆主茎上各节叶片与花、荚之间的相互关系,对于增加大豆的单株成荚数是十分重要的.     

水分胁迫对大豆幼苗叶片内源激素的影响

在盆栽条件下对大豆苗期进行干旱和渍水胁迫处理,测定在逆境条件下,大豆叶片内源激素的变化.结果表明:水分胁迫改变了大豆幼苗叶片内源激素的平衡.干旱胁迫下,ZR的绝对含量降低,ABA、GA3的绝对含量增加,导致IAA/ABA、ZR/ABA、GA3/ABA比值降低;而水渍胁迫下,GA3、IAA的绝对含量增加,ABA的绝对含量降低,ZR/ABA、IAA/ABA、GA3/ABA比值增加.     

棉花、苎麻和亚麻纤维细胞发育的激素调控研究进展

针对植物纤维在发育过程的影响因素的研究主要集中在内源激素对纤维分化和发育的影响上.综合阐述了激素对棉花、苎麻和亚麻纤维细胞发育的影响,以期对改良其纤维品质,提高纤维产量提供相关参考.     

菜用大豆和普通大豆叶片内源激素活性对钾素营养响应的差异研究

以菜用大豆品系121、中科毛豆1号和普通大豆东生7号为材料,采用酶联免疫吸附法,在正常施用氮肥和磷肥的基础上,施用不同的钾肥(K0:不施钾肥;K1:K_2SO_4120 kg·hm~(-2);K2:K_2SO_4120 kg·hm~(-2)并在花期和荚期喷施1%K_2SO_4叶面肥),研究了菜用大豆与普通大豆籽粒形成期叶片中内源激素的活性变化,结果表明:开花后28~56 d菜用大豆和普通大豆叶片中内源激素IAA、GA、ZR和ABA的变化动态差异明显,其中GA和ZR的变化动态趋势相反。施用钾肥提高菜用大豆叶片中IAA、GA和ZR的含量(K2K1K0),降低ABA的含量(K0K1K2),普通大豆叶片中IAA、GA和ZR的含量对钾肥施用的响应与菜用大豆不同(K1K2K0),但是钾肥施用对菜用大豆和普通大豆叶片中ABA含量的影响一致(K0K1K2)。施钾提高了菜用大豆和普通大豆籽粒形成期叶片中IAA/ABA,GA/ABA和ZR/ABA的比值,可能是提高大豆产量和改善品质的部分生理机制。     

转ipt基因大豆感染SMV1号的生理特性变化

本文对黑龙江省推广的三个大豆品种及它的ｉｐｔ基因株系Ｆ４,采用生化技术酶联免疫检测技术（ＥＬＩＳＡ）研究了病毒病侵染条件下,转基因植株的生化特性变化及内源激素含量及其人平衡状况的影响,实验结果表明,ＳＭＶ１号诱导条件下,转基因大豆细胞中ＭＤＡ含量减少,ＳＯＤ酶活性较强,转７ＳＬ－ｉｐｔ基因的大豆,内源激素ＩＰＡ,ＩＡＡ,ＧＡ含量明显增加,而转８ＳＬ－ｉｐｔ基因的大豆,则通过内源激素ＩＡＡ,ＡＢＡ含     

小麦籽粒灌浆时的源——库互作

作物生理学家倾向于这种概念,即小麦产量既可受灌浆期同化产物供应(源)的限制,又可受粒数和容积(库)的限制,或同时受二者的限制.人为控制粒数或源的大量实验表明,小麦最终粒重对同化物供应的反应类似于对基质浓缩速度的反应(Bingham,1966,Fischer等1978,图1).随着单位籽粒的源增加,最终粒重处于与同化物供应相关的极轴下方.当同化物供给达到较高水平时,最终粒重接近于我们所定义的"基因型潜在粒重"的上限.     

大豆籽粒的生长和发育(英文)

大豆[Glycine Max(L.)Merrill]籽粒产量的粒成是同化物生产,转运,及在籽形中合成贮藏物质的复杂过程。因为大豆的花期较长,在生殖生长时期,植株上存在不同发育阶段的豆荚,所以,带来了对大豆籽粒生长和发育的研究的复杂性。本文主要根据作者的研究,讨论了大豆豆荚和籽粒的生长模式,影响籽粒生长的因素,及籽粒生长特性与产量的关系。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践，探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术，形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

云南省"双高"甘蔗生产与发展

从自然生产条件、龙头企业状况和产业经济效益3方面论述了云南省“双高”甘蔗发展的优势条件.分析了现阶段“双高”甘蔗发展中存在的主要问题,即甘蔗产业科技落后、蔗园建设投入不足、加工企业规模较小,产品单一.从“双高”甘蔗优势产业带建设,甘蔗种子工程体系,“双高”甘蔗科技、甘蔗产业化经营发展与科技培训等方面提出了“双高”甘蔗发展的建议和措施.     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。     

白砂糖干燥与冷却机理及影响

砂糖的含水量、装包温度和仓储条件对其贮存保质具有重要影响。本文从白砂糖的含水分特性、干燥机理和生产过程环节等对白砂糖干燥与冷却的影响进行深入分析。由于结晶过程的包裹现象,砂糖含水分可分为表面和内部水分,白砂糖干燥过程只能去除前者。生产过程中煮糖、分蜜操作对内部水分含量有影响。贮存过程的内部水分的扩散是砂糖降质的根本原因,而装包温度和贮存条件是影响内部水分扩散的外在条件。