一个大豆锈病新抗源的筛选与鉴定

采用离体叶片接种方法对2007-2010年收集的1 000份大豆种质资源进行抗性筛选,得到1份高抗材料SX6907。SX6907在接种后20d不产生侵染病斑;在高浓度锈菌接种时,产生少数红褐色RB（Red-brown）病斑,但无孢子堆破裂现象,无孢子产生;SX6907的接种表现与已知抗病品种主要表现为黄褐色TAN型感病病斑明显不同。组织学观察表明, SX6907在接种部位造成细胞坏死,侵染点无孢子形成,其抗性表现为抗锈菌侵染。SX6907是一个优异的抗锈病资源,可做亲本在抗锈病育种中应用。     

不同浓度锈菌对大豆叶片的致病反应

采用离体叶片接种法,观察不同浓度夏孢子悬浮液对大豆叶片的致病反应。结果表明：各个接种浓度均可引起叶片发病,发病率随接种浓度的升高而增加,夏孢子堆密度随接种浓度升高而增加,夏孢子堆破裂时间随接种浓度的增加而缩短,不同品种的致病反应差异主要表现在病斑出现时间、夏孢子堆密度、夏孢子堆破裂时间和发病率等方面。锈菌浓度对孢子堆大小没有显著影响,采用105个夏孢子/mL的接种浓度可以有效地区分不同品种的抗病性。     

大豆锈菌冬孢子形成研究

大豆锈菌可在大豆植株上形成冬孢子和冬孢子堆，田间在10－11月初形成，但数量较少，冬孢子堆的形成与大豆品种，温度，湿度，光照等有关，日均温20度以下，日最低气温16度以下有利于冬孢子形成，昼夜温差大，形成冬孢子堆数量多，感病品种比抗病品种出现冬孢子的时间早，数量多，但体积小，冬孢子堆的大小与数量成负相关，在13－25度，200lux条件下，冬孢子堆体积较大，数量较多。     

大豆抗锈病组织病理学研究

以抗感品种ＰＩ４５９０２５（Ｒ）和猴子毛（Ｓ）为试材．人工接种大豆锈菌（ＰｈａｋｏｐｏｒａｐａｃｈｙｒｈｉｚｉＳＹｄ．）后第１天起每２天取样１次（共７次），石蜡切片及电镜扫描。大豆锈菌在抗感品种上均是从表皮角质层直接侵入，侵入时均产生木质化，但抗病品种木质化速度快且数量大。抗病品种锈菌侵入后能产生乳状突起结构，且完成一次侵染至少需１４－１５天，而感病品种猴子毛则只需８－９天。接种后１３天产生的夏孢子堆感病品种是抗病品种的２１．３倍。抗感品种间表皮叶毛形态及排列亦存在差异．     

温度对花生锈菌夏孢子萌发及侵染的影响

温度是影响锈菌夏孢子侵染花生的重要因素之一，关于温度对花生锈菌夏孢子萌发及侵染的影响鲜有报道。本研究通过不同温度条件下夏孢子的萌发率和8个对锈病抗感差异较大花生品种的接种试验确定锈孢子萌发和侵染的最适温度。研究结果表明，夏孢子萌发和侵染的适宜温度为25～28℃,此条件下夏孢子萌发率较高，为68.23%,抗病材料的潜伏期为8.11～8.67 d,感病材料的潜伏期为6.44～6.89 d。本研究可为花生种质锈病抗性鉴定和抗锈病品种选育工作提供理论依据。     

胶孢炭疽菌侵染橡胶树叶片染色方法的建立及显微观察

本研究建立了一种橡胶树叶片中胶孢炭疽菌的染色方法,通过显微观察明确胶孢炭疽菌在橡胶树叶片中的侵染结构,为橡胶树炭疽病的预测预报提供理论依据。在脱色剂（0.15%三氯乙酸乙醇溶液∶氯仿=5∶1）处理12 h,1%刚果红染色剂抽滤染色3 h的条件下,能清晰观察到胶孢炭疽菌在橡胶树叶片上的发育进程和侵染结构。结果表明,在28 ℃、100%相对湿度培养条件下,接种橡胶树淡绿期叶片2~6 h为分生孢子萌发高峰期,12 h后分生孢子萌发率大于85%;8~12 h为附着胞形成高峰期,接种12 h约75%的芽管顶端产生附着胞,少数附着胞中央部位开始形成侵染钉;24 h为侵染钉形成高峰期,同时分生孢子萌发形成多个芽管;36 h时附着胞顶端再次萌发产生次级附着胞,从而进一步侵染周围细胞,叶片出现零星病斑;48 h时芽管不断分支异化成菌丝并产生次级分生孢子,叶片出现大量典型的炭疽病病斑;72 h后菌丝在叶片表面纵横扩展,随机分支,逐步形成网状分布。随着菌丝的扩展,叶片组织发生一系列的病理变化,侵染部位组织出现褐色坏死病斑。本研究建立了一种着色效果好,简便易行,经济有效的橡胶树叶片中胶孢炭疽菌的染色方法,进一步明确了胶孢炭疽菌的侵染结构。     

寡糖对向日葵锈菌侵染的影响

为了明确寡糖对向日葵锈菌侵染的影响,在向日葵苗期用寡糖处理并接菌后对锈菌夏孢子的萌发率和侵入率以及气孔开闭进行了观察,并用甲苯胺蓝染色法对入侵位点酚类化合物的积累进行了检测。试验结果表明,与对照相比寡糖处理后锈菌夏孢子的萌发率和侵入率均显著降低,而气孔关闭率显著升高。同时,在接种后12 h时,大量的侵入位点产生了酚类化合物的积累,说明寡糖处理可以有效抑制向日葵锈菌的侵染。     

大豆锈菌冬孢子在侵染循环中的作用

在自然条件下形成的大豆锈菌（Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow)冬孢子不能萌发直接浸染大豆，落入土中的病菌残体也不能引起大豆植株发病，说明在我国锈菌虽然能在自然条件下形成冬孢子，但不能成为大豆锈病初次侵染源。     

玉米多堆柄锈菌的生物学特性

根据症状和夏孢子形状、大小和颜色等,将浙江省淳安县等地近年来流行的玉米锈病鉴定为由多堆柄锈菌(Puccinia polysora Underw)引起的玉米多堆锈病.该菌夏孢子发芽最适温度为26℃;夏孢子发芽还必须有水滴和空气.有自然光时夏孢子发芽率最高,其次为黑色和蓝色光,而黄、红、绿色光发芽最少.在适宜条件下,夏孢子经7h发芽率达最高.夏孢子存活期,在-15℃时不到5d,12～20℃时鲜病叶为10d,风干病为15～30d.喷雾毛笔刷、手指涂孢子悬浮液和手指擦干孢子粉4种接种方法的发病率、病情指数均相似.玉米苗期到乳熟期接种的发病率可达98%～100%,发病严重度和病害潜育期随生育期提高而减轻和延长。     

气象因子对黑龙江省大豆灰斑病发生的影响

以合丰50为试材对黑龙江省田间大豆灰斑病发生与气象因子的相关性进行了分析.采集田间发病的大豆叶片,通过调查极端高温和低温条件及不同大豆叶部温度、冠层湿度下大豆灰斑病菌(Cercospora sojina)的产孢情况,初步探索了大豆灰斑病在田间的发生规律,即叶面温度18℃时病斑产孢最多,平均产孢量为5.6个·mm-2;冠层湿度80%时病斑产孢最多,平均产孢量为10.0个·mm-2;叶面温度在-30℃-30℃范围内孢子均能正常萌发.2006年和2007年田间气象因子和当年大豆灰斑病病情指数相关性分析结果表明,大豆灰斑病发生严重程度与6、7、8月份平均湿度和降水总量成正相关,与平均气温无关.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Citrus Flavonoids in Fruit and Traditional Chinese Medicinal Food Ingredients in China

Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China.     

Evolutionary aspects of the trade-off between seed size and number in crops

Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.

The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).

The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.