橡胶种子及萌发苗的抗氰呼吸

结果表明,橡胶种子各部位的抗氰呼吸速率不同,种子在发育、贮藏和萌发进程中抗氰呼吸的速率也不相同。总之,活力高的种子以及种子及苗的活跃生长部位或组织抗氰呼吸所占比率较高。     

橡胶种子萌发苗的抗氰呼吸

结果表明，橡胶种子各部位的抗氰呼吸速率不同，种子在发育、贮藏和萌发过程中抗氰呼吸的速率也不相同。总之，活力高的种子以及种子及苗的活跃生长或部位或组织抗氰呼吸所占比率提高。     

橡胶树抗氰呼吸的初步研究

橡胶树树发组织切片经氰化物处理后可以诱导出抗氰呼吸,在抗氰呼吸被诱导前,存在由切割组织所引起的创伤呼吸。为了避免切割组织所产生的创伤呼吸对抗氰呼吸测定的可能的干扰。我们对无机械损伤的幼树进行了整体下局部茎干组织的呼吸测定,气相色谱分析表明,在无机械损伤的情况下,不发生创伤呼吸而只存在氰化物所诱导的抗氰呼吸。氰化物所诱导的应澈乙烯和抗氰呼吸的诱导密切相关。抗氰呼吸抑制剂水杨径肟酸强烈地抑制组织切片的创伤呼吸,并在相当长时间内抑制陈化的组织的呼吸。可见,创伤呼吸和陈化的组织的呼吸都包含有抗氰呼吸的成分。氰化物 水杨羟肟酸则更强烈地抑制组织切片的呼吸。在组织切割至陈化的过程中,存在创伤乙烯和陈化组织所产生的乙烯两个峰。氰化物强烈地抑制创伤乙烯的形成,而促进陈化过程中所产生的乙烯;水杨羟肟酸完会抑制创伤乙烯的形成,而强烈地促进组织在陈化过程中所产生的乙烯。我们推断创伤乙烯和陈化过程中所产生的乙烯的形成机理可能是不同的。氰化物 水杨羟肟酸完全抑制上述两种乙烯的形成。     

6048多胞质雄性不育系的选育

以雄性不育细胞质(CMS)中S群的S、M、R与21A及C群的Rb、Es等多种细胞质为背景,采用回交转育的方式,完成了6048雄性不育自交系的选育,不育株率与单株不育率均达100%,不育性稳定。6048可作为在玉米雄性不育育种和生产应用的雄性不育细胞质资源,应用前景广阔。     

棉花雄性不育系的研究现状与利用前景

本文从四个方面对棉花雄性不育系的研究现状与利用前景进行综述：(1)棉花雄性不育系的研究进展情况；(2)棉花雄性不育系的形态特征及其与外界环境因素之间的关系；(3)棉花雄性不育系在棉花的杂交制种中的利用；(4)棉花雄性不育系在生产应用中应解决的几个问题及其应用前景：     

美国比马棉雄性不育突变体Ms_(12)的遗传

1976年在大田发现了一株雄性不育的美国比马棉植株。棉花雄性不育作为标志性状和在人工杂交中用雄性不育系作母本是很有用的。本研究的目的是测定基因控制的比马棉雄性不育性状的遗传和检测比马棉雄性不育基因与其它突变体基因之间的可能连系。比马棉雄性不育株和正常的雄性可育“比马S-5”植株之间进行杂交,产生了雄性不育和雄性可育的F_1 植株,其比例为1∶1。F_1 不育株与比马S-5杂交的BC_1 后代符合1不育∶1可育的比例。F_1 可育株与比马S-5杂交只产生可育的后代。这些资料证明雄性不育性状受一个显性基因控制。该性状定名为雄性不育12,基因符号为Ms_(12)。连锁测验证明Ms_(12)与23个棉属突变体基因之间没有任何关联。本文还讨论了Ms_(12)与其它遗传的雄性不育性之间的相互关系。     

高粱不同细胞质不育系的测交分析

高粱迈罗卡佛尔体系是杂交种种子生产所用雄性不育性的主要来源。除最初发现的迈罗(A_1)雄性不育性外,现已报导了另外的雄性不育细胞质(Schertz等,1982;Rao等,1984)。新诱导的雄性不育细胞质对避免可能与细胞质有关联的病害和     

甘兰型油菜细胞质雄性不育“三系”及其杂种一代花器官形态变异规律

利用甘兰型油菜(Brassica napus var.Oleifera)的雄性不育性,是杂交优势育种的主要途径之一。本研究旨在探索与育性有关的花器官形态解剖指标及其遗传变异规律,用以指导“三系”选育实践。初步阐明:(1)油菜细胞质雄性不育系与细胞核雄性不育系花药发育停止时期明显不同。(2)花瓣宽度、花药长度和♀/♂值等三个性状与育性恢复基因密切连锁,是判断细胞质雄性不育系及其测交后代育性变异的主要形态指标。(3)因此,根据细胞质雄性不育系测交F_1花器官形态的表现型,可以推测测交品种核基因的显隐性程度及其恢、保特性。     

雄性不育大豆研究概况

(一) 在大豆田间偶尔可以发现大豆雄性不育株,其中有的是部分雄性不育,在这种植株上结有5—6个少量的豆荚。在引种外地品种时和在某些杂交组合或辐射杂交后代中往往见到这种现象。Hadley和Starnes(1964)首先报导了由于染色体联会上的障碍所造成的雄性不育。他们还认为在许多情况下不育性与某些变态是相关的,如矮态、短柔毛的缺乏。通过部分雄性不育植株与可育植株进行杂交的实验,可以说明这种部分的雄性不育是受细胞核控制的。根据醋酸洋红等染色方法对花粉进行检查,发现在部分雄性不育中只有5—10％的花粉是有活力的。     

甘蓝型油菜胞质雄性不育系212A的选育与研究

在Ledos字兴?号后代材料中发现5株雄性不育株,经与中双2号自交系212B保持,育成了细胞质雄性不育系212A和保持系212B.通过人工套袋自交、剥蕾授粉自交及镜检观察,认为不育系212A属稳定型细胞质雄性不育系,产生的原因可能与低温时期的死蕾现象有关.恢保关系的研究表明,212A胞质雄性不育系与pol CMS、陕2A CMS恢保关系相同.遗传研究表明,测交F2育性为可育与不育3∶1分离;用恢复系回交(BC1)后代全可育,无育性分离;用保持系回交,后代育性为可育与不育1∶1分离.初步认为控制不育系的基因为S(rr),保持系基因为N(rr),恢复系基因为N(RR)或S(RR),属1对核基因控制的细胞质雄性不育系.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.