玉米雄性不育性测交反应及恢复性遗传

用16个玉米自交系同C型、Y型和Y_Ⅱ型雄性不育系测交、回交,以了解不育系的恢保关系;将C型不育系测交F1中的可育株自交,同时与C型不育系回交。以分析C型不育系恢复性的遗传行为。结果表明,5003、330、白330、035-6、木6-11等5个自交系为C型不育系的恢复系,32-2、贞367、i-1等3个自交系保持C型不育系的不育性;TR3702、77-1、承10-9、5003、449、交51等6个自交系保持Y型不育系的不育性;贞367、107-1为YⅡ型不育系的恢复系,TR3702、青C₂、035-6、330、5003等5个自交系保持Y_Ⅱ型不育系的不育性。32-2对C型、承10-9对Y型、5003对Y型和YⅡ型的回交F₁全部不育,可用连续回交法转育成新不育系。C型不育系测交F₂出现可育与不育的3:1育性分离,回交一代出现1:1的育性分离,表明恢复性受一对显性基因控制。     

一个新型的小麦显性细胞核雄性不育系WR9501

小麦雄性不育系WR9501选自小麦-黑麦远缘杂交后代,具有不育性稳定、遗传力强和易转育等特点。为给小麦雄性不育的研究和利用提供新的种质基因资源,对WR9501及其衍生不育系败育的生物学特征、遗传模式及与黑麦1RS染色体的相关性进行了研究。结果表明,WR9501及其衍生不育系具有典型小麦雄性不育系的形态特征;WR9501花粉碘-碘化钾(I₂-KI)染色呈典型败育特征,其育性受显性核不育基因和抑制基因两对主效基因和多个微效基因共同控制,属于基因互作型显性核不育类型;黑麦1RS染色体与WR9501的育性相关。     

F型小麦雄性不育系育性的遗传分析

F型不育系（FA）是我国近年来新选育的普通小麦细胞质的CMS型不育系,为确定FA育性基因的遗传模型,采用植物数量性状主基因+多基因遗传模型的5世代联合分析方法,以FA/临汾3158、FA/冬81、FA/HB-7三个杂交组合的P₁、P₂、F₁、F₂群体和FA/HB-7的F_2:3群体为试材,分析了FA育性的遗传特性和遗传效应。结果表明,FA育性受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因和加性-显性多对微效基因共同控制,基因互作效应明显。三个F₂群体结实率的主基因遗传率为50.58%~71.77%,多基因遗传率为0~45.58%,环境遗传效应值为3.84%~44.12%;三个F₂群体结实小穗率的主基因遗传率为52.35%~66.36%,多基因遗传率为0~17.77%,环境遗传效应值为25.70%~47.65%。FA/HB-7的F_2:3群体育性在北京、南阳两地的主基因遗传率相差较大,北京、南阳结实率和结实小穗率的主基因遗传率分别为7.50%和5.45%、90.89%和77.83%,多基因遗传率均为0.00%。FA育性以主基因遗传为主,但环境对性状的影响较大,推测FA育性可能具有一定的环境诱导效应。研究结果为进一步改良和利用FA及其杂种优势利用奠定了基础。     

一种新型玉米雄花不育材料的发现

现有玉米细胞质雄性不育（CMS）的C，T，S型不育型均为母性遗传。作者从1992年发现父、母本均完全可育，而其特定组合的F₁完全不育的新一类玉米雄性不育材料。经几年观察此类材料后代，多数植株不育性状较为稳定。为此将此类父、母本可育，F₁选择性不育的雄花不育材料定义力“特殊雄性不育型”，简称““特型”，以示区别。     

玉米C型胞质雄性不育恢复基因Rf5的抑制基因的发现与鉴定

利用一个含有单基因Rf5的恢复系6233与6个C型不育系杂交，发现杂交组合Cms-C77×6233表现不育，(Cms-C77×6233)×6233的育性表现1∶1的分离，推测在不育系Cms-C77中存在一个显性抑制基因Rf-I，该基因只对恢复基因Rf5具有抑制作用。因此在玉米C型胞质雄性不育的三系选育过程中，为避免不育系背景中可能存在抑制基因的影响，应选择含有恢复基因Rf4的材料作为供体进行恢复系的选育工作，可以克服有些不育系的恢复系选育较难的问题。     

BT型粳稻不育系8006A的选育与应用

8006A是用BT型不育系863A与优质早熟晚粳稻品种8006杂交并回交转育而成的早熟晚粳稻不育系,具有米质较优、不育性稳定、较易制繁种等特点,所配组合结实率和千粒重高、丰产性好、米质较优,具有较好的应用前景。8006A及其与恢复系湘晴配组育成的新组合苏粳优2号(原名T优011)均于2006年1月通过江苏省品种审定。     

水稻籼粳交F1花粉育性检测方法的研究——兼论其雌雄配子的育性问题

 以5个籼粳交组合的F₁植株、1个低育的DH系和CPSLO17(对照品种)为材料，考察其结实率和花粉育性，花粉育性采用两种方法观察，I₂-KI法和苏木精法，其中苏木精法是一种观察籼粳交花粉育性的新方法，用此法可直接在正常的成熟花粉中看到两个精子。结果表明，I₂-KI法观察的花粉育性与结实率有显著差异，而苏木精法观察的花粉育性与结实率无差异。由此推论籼粳交F₁不但存在雄配子部分不育而且还存在雌配子部分不育，两者的部分不育程度是相同的。     

红莲型不育细胞质在杂交粳稻育种中的应用

为了探讨红莲型不育细胞质应用于杂交粳稻育种的可能性,利用包台(BT)型、红莲(HL)型、茶野(CL)型、野败(WA)型等4种细胞质的同核异质不育系六千辛A与181个粳稻亲本测交,根据测交F1的小穗育性,筛选HL型粳稻恢复系。在此基础上,对筛选出的HL型粳稻恢复系与更多HL型不育系复测,并进行不同细胞质杂交粳稻的比对试验。研究结果表明:1)HL型和CL型不育系的恢、保关系十分一致,测交F1小穗育性间的相关性达极显著水平。2)HL型和CL型粳稻不育系的可恢性虽不如BT型不育系,但明显优于WA型粳稻不育系;以测交F1小穗育性达到85%以上作为选择标准,从BT型恢复系和广亲和恢复系中筛选出25个HL型(CL型)粳稻恢复系。3)不育系的核背景对杂种育性有影响,HL型六千辛A可恢性最好,其次为HL型陵香A,HL型珍5A可恢性最差。4)与BT型不育系配制的杂种相比,HL型和CL型不育系配制的杂种育性稳定性相对较差。5)HL型不育系配制的杂种与BT型、WA型不育系配制的杂种在播种至抽穗历期、株高、产量及品质性状上均无明显差异;HL型不育系配制的杂交粳稻结实率正常,与BT型不育系配制的杂种无明显差异,明显高于WA型不育系配制的杂种。说明HL型不育细胞质应用于杂交粳稻育种是可行的。     

小麦辐射雄性不育系85EA和89AR的育性及杂种优势

8 5EA是通过电子束辐照获得的普通小麦细胞质雄性不育系 ,89AR是通过辐射结合远缘杂交获得的新疆小麦亚种细胞质雄性不育系 ,T型不育系 (Tcms)是采用核质互换获得的具有提莫菲维小麦 (T .timopheevi)细胞质的雄性不育系。 1993～ 1998年连续 5年恢保关系研究结果表明 :85EA和 89AR不育性容易稳定保持 ,育性又较易被恢复 ,恢复源较宽 ,除T型不育系的恢复系对其有较好的恢复性外 ,普通小麦品种 (BPM15,农大 8812 2等 )对其也有较高的恢复力。对同核异质的 3类不育系 (85EA、89AR、Tcms)与优良恢复系杂交的杂种F1杂种优势研究结果表明 :三类不育系杂种的产量优势存在显著差异 ,它们依次为 89AR >85EA >Tcms,85EA和 89AR的杂种优势大于Tcms,而 89AR的杂种优势最高。以上结果表明 ,85EA和 89AR在生产上具有应用潜力     

6-BA浸种对HgCl2胁迫下小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为探讨6-苄基腺嘌呤（6-BA）浸种对HgCl₂胁迫下小麦种子萌发及其幼苗生长的缓解作用,以3个小麦品种为材料,研究了不同浓度6-BA浸种对200 mg·L^-1HgCl₂胁迫下小麦种子发芽、幼苗生长、抗氧化酶活性、可溶性蛋白和丙二醛含量的影响。结果表明,200 mg·L^-1HgCl₂处理后,3个小麦品种种子的发芽势、发芽率、根长、芽长和鲜重降低,幼苗的抗氧化酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量降低,丙二醛含量增加。一定浓度6-BA浸种可以缓解HgCl₂胁迫对小麦种子萌发的抑制作用,但对小麦的根长、芽长和鲜重的影响因小麦品种而不同。HgCl₂胁迫下,3个小麦品种幼苗的SOD、POD活性和可溶性蛋白含量随着6-BA浓度的增加均基本呈先升高后降低的趋势,最佳6-BA浓度因品种而不同;3个小麦品种的MDA含量均呈先降低后升高的趋势,以6-BA浓度为15 mg·L^-1时MDA含量最低。说明一定浓度6-BA浸种能够缓解HgCl₂胁迫对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的毒害作用,但最佳6-BA浓度因小麦品种的不同而不同。     

渭北旱塬农户冬小麦养分资源投入调查与分析

为了解目前我国化肥用量的现状和农民养分资源投入中存在的问题,在渭北旱塬冬小麦种植区域选取3个区/县进行了冬小麦养分资源投入的调查分析.结果表明,2009年小麦产量适中的农户占10.0％,偏低的农户占7.5％,很低的农户占79.2％,偏高的农户占3.3％,很高的农户占0.0％.冬小麦纯N平均用量为191.5 kg·hm-2,P2O5平均用量为121.2 kg·hm-2,K2O平均用量为74.4 kg·hm-.氮肥投入量适中的农户占30.0％,偏低的占5.0％,很低的占4.2％,偏高的占22.5％,很高的占38.3％.磷肥投入量适中的农户占14.2％,偏低的占41.7％,很低的占15.0％,偏高的占15.8％,很高的占13.3％.钾肥投入量适中的农户占2.5％,偏低的占2.5％,很低的占78.3％,偏高的占5.0％,很高的占11.7％.养分资源投入以无机为主,有机为辅;投入形式以基施为主.     

Simultaneous determination of vitamin B1 and B2 in complex cereal foods,by reverse phase isocratic HPLC-UV

The evaluation of nutritional or functional components in grain products is an important feature for the industry, especially when recent regulations require a correct nutrition labelling, valid during all the shelf life of the product. For that reason, industry usually makes many efforts to develop simple and reliable analytical methods that can be easily applied in any quality control laboratories for routine analysis. Spectrofluorimetric analysis of thiamine and riboflavin are sensitive, but need specific equipment. A few HPLC-UV methods have been described but they are less sensitive, and present difficulties due to interfering compounds, particularly in complex food matrixes, as grains and derivatives.     

NaCl和Na2SO4胁迫对玉米幼苗渗透调节物质含量的影响

研究了NaCl和Na₂SO₄胁迫对玉米幼苗电解质渗漏、根系活力及脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白等渗透调节物质含量的影响。结果表明，玉米在NaCl作用下其电解质渗漏、根系活力及渗透调节物质含量的变化和Na₂SO₄胁迫相似，电解质渗漏、根系活力及渗透调节物质含量均随着盐浓度的增加而加剧。NaCl胁迫下增幅大于Na₂SO₄胁迫，表明NaCl胁迫对玉米幼苗的伤害大于Na₂SO₄胁迫。     

Oosporenbildung vonPhytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary

Zusammenfassung Durch Kombination verschiedener Pathotypen vonPhytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, 1985 im Freiland gesammelt, mit ?lteren Isolaten aus der Sammlung des Institutes wurde die M?glichkeit der Oosporenbildung geprüft. Bisher konnte bei zwei Kombinationen Oosporen-bildung beobachter werden. Daraus kann man schliessen, dass nunmehr auch in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland beide Paarungstypen vonP. infestants vorkommen.

     

Evaluation of the Effect of Photosynthesis on Biomass Production with Simultaneous Analysis of Growth and Continuous Monitoring of CO2 Exchange in the Whole Plants of Radish,cv Kosena under Ambient and Elevated CO2

Abstract

The effects of elevated CO₂ (approximate doubling of atmospheric CO₂ concentration) on the rate of photosynthesis estimated from continuous monitoring of CO₂ exchange in whole plants were investigated in radish cv. Kosena accompanied with simultaneous analysis of growth for 6 days from 15 to 21 days after planting (DAP). The elevated CO₂ increased the dry weights of hydroponically grown radish plants by 59% at 21 DAP.

The increase in dry weight was due to a combined effect of increased leaf area and increased photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area. Leaf area and the photosynthetic rate were increased by elevated CO₂ by 18-43% and 9-20%, respectively, during 15 to 21 DAP. Namely, an increase in the rate of photosynthesis is accompanied by an increase in leaf area, both having a significant effect on biomass production.     

重铬酸钾对黑麦的细胞遗传毒性及硅的缓解作用

为了解K2Cr2O7的细胞遗传毒性及硅对铬毒害的缓解作用,采用常规染色体压片技术,观察不同浓度的K2Cr2O7(20、40、60、80、100、120mg.L-1)对黑麦根尖细胞有丝分裂的影响以及硅对铬胁迫缓解效应。结果表明,细胞有丝分裂指数、微核率和染色体畸变率均随K2Cr2O7浓度的升高呈先升后降趋势,在K2Cr2O7浓度为40.0mg.L-1时均达到最大值。与蒸馏水对照相比,6个不同浓度K2Cr2O7胁迫处理的微核率和染色体畸变率均有显著升高。对40mg.L-1 K2Cr2O7胁迫的黑麦根尖分别进行60、120和180mg.L-1的Na2SiO3处理,细胞有丝分裂指数、微核率和染色体畸变率均显著降低,且随硅浓度的增加呈下降趋势。说明K2Cr2O7对黑麦根尖细胞有丝分裂在低浓度时促进,高浓度时抑制,高低浓度处理均对染色体具有明显的致畸效应。外源硅可有效缓解K2Cr2O7对黑麦根尖细胞有丝分裂的不利影响。     

Effects of agrochemical treatments on the occurrence of Fusarium ear rot and fumonisin contamination of maize in Southern Italy

The efficacy of agrochemical treatments, based on three different fungicides combined with an insecticide, was tested in southern Italy for two years on three maize hybrids to control Fusarium ear rot of maize and the accumulation in the maize kernels of the carcinogenic mycotoxins fumonisins. Insect damage incidence and severity, disease incidence and severity, identification of Fusarium species and levels of fumonisin contamination in kernels were determined. Field trials showed in both years that natural colonization of maize kernels by the fumonisin producing species Fusarium proliferatum and F. verticillioides (up to 81.5 and 26.5%, respectively) and total fumonisin contamination (up to 68.2 μg g⁻¹) were highly severe. For all hybrids and in both years, the treatment with the insecticide applied alone reduced the insect damage severity consistently and the content of fumonisins in the kernel only in half of the cases, whereas fungicide treatments applied in combination with the insecticide showed a further significant reduction of fumonisin contamination in the three hybrids and in both years.     

Physio-morphological Studies of F1 Hybrids in Rice (Oryza sativa L.): Photosynthetic ability and yield

Summary

Photosynthetic ability in terms of CO₂ exchange rate and leaf area, dry matter accumulation (dry weight) and other important growth components along with yield and yield contributing characters in two F₁ hybrids of Akebono × Chiyonishiki (A × C) and Zenith × Akebono (Z × A) were studied. The photosynthetic rate at the flowering stage was lower than that at the panicle initiation stage in all the inbred parent cultivars and F₁ hybrids. Heterosis in photosynthetic rate was higher at the panicle initiation stage than that at the flowering stage. Pre-anthesis leaf area in the F₁ hybrid was significantly larger than that in the parent cultivars. However, the post- anthesis decline in leaf area was more rapid in the F₁ hybrids than in the parent cultivars and its magnitude was the highest in the F₁ hybrid of Z × A which was tall having long and curved panicles. Pre-anthesis dry matter accumulation in both hybrids was significantly higher in the F₁ plants than the parental cultivars, but post-anthesis dry matter accumulation in the F₁ hybrid was lower than the mid-parental value in Z × A. The degree of heterosis in grain yield varied with the hybrid combination, an average heterosis being 1.03. Heterosis in grain yield was closely associated with heterosis in harvest index.     

Rubisco small subunits of C4 plants,Napier grass and guinea grass confer C4-like catalytic properties on Rubisco in rice

ABSTRACT

Overexpression of Rubisco small subunit (RbcS) of C₄ plant, sorghum (sorghum bicolor) was shown to enhance the catalytic turnover rate (k _cat) of Rubisco in rice (Oryza sativa). In this study, the effects of other Rubisco small subunits of C₄ plants, Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus) on kinetic properties of Rubisco in rice were studied. The expression levels of Napier grass RbcS (NgRbcS) and guinea grass RbcS (GgRbcS) proteins accounted for 41% and 45% of total RbcS, respectively in homozygous overexpression lines. The k _cat and K _m for CO₂ (Kc) of Rubisco were increased in all transgenic lines. Interestingly, the k _cat was markedly higher in NgRbcS homozygous line, whereas K _c was notably higher in GgRbcS homozygous line. Although its effects depend on species, these results suggest that the introduction of C₄ RbcS are effective approaches to alter the catalytic properties of Rubisco in rice.