马铃薯病毒病防治策略

病毒病是马铃薯的重要病害,当前马铃薯病毒病的防治策略主要是生产脱毒种薯、选育抗病毒病品种和利用抗病毒物质。茎尖培养和热处理是脱除马铃薯病毒常用的方法;蚜虫作为马铃薯病毒最主要的传播媒介,不同种类的蚜虫传播病毒的能力不一样,监控蚜虫的发生动态,施用杀虫剂、矿物油、灭秧都是控制蚜虫的有效方法;种薯认证体系控制马铃薯病毒病传播是最有效的手段,在我国还刚刚起步。一些抗马铃薯X病毒、马铃薯Y病毒和马铃薯S病毒的基因已经被标记,为马铃薯抗病毒品种的选育提供了基础,采用转基因工程手段培育抗病毒病马铃薯品种也取得了重要进展。通过施用核酸中嘌呤和嘧啶碱基的合成类似物、植物有效成分、水杨酸等物质来抑制马铃薯病毒活性、提高植物对马铃薯病毒病的抗性方面取得了重要成果,但尚不能满足实际生产的需要。因此,建立种薯认证体系,通过加强遗传研究、资源改良,结合现代生物技术选育抗马铃薯病毒病品种是我国今后防治马铃薯病毒病的重点。     

转抗病毒基因马铃薯田间产量试验

1　前　言马铃薯是同源四倍体作物。用常规育种方法改良品种 ,其过程复杂且需时较长 ,尽管由于育种学家的长期努力已培育出许多食用加工的优良品种 ,但至今许多优良栽培品种仍受到病毒病、晚疫病、环腐病、黑胫病的严重危害。如果能在保持现有优良品种的农艺性状的同时 ,利用基因工程技术使其获得抗某种重要病害的性状 ,对进一步发挥这些优良栽培种的潜力 ,发展我国马铃薯生产均具有重要现实意义 ,为此由地区种子站承担了中国科学院和云南省的省院合作项目即“转抗病毒基因马铃薯的试验、示范、推广”。2　材料与方法2 1　材料　选适宜云南…     

马铃薯转基因研究进展

简要介绍马铃薯转基因技术方法,着重对已获得的转抗真菌病基因、抗病毒基因、抗虫基因、改良品质基因的马铃薯的特征特性,以及将马铃薯作为植物生物反应器来生产有用蛋白质和疫苗等方面的研究成果进行了综述,同时还对转基因马铃薯的生物安全性作了评价和展望。     

山东省马铃薯病害调查

山东省是中国马铃薯种植大省,但是由于多年连作,导致马铃薯病害愈加严重。为探究山东省马铃薯常见病害发生情况,于2015年秋季采集了滕州、泰安和高密3个市区的44个样本,提取病株的DNA和RNA,分别对这些样本进行13种马铃薯常见细菌性病害、真菌性病害和病毒病的检测。结果表明,山东省发现的马铃薯病害主要有疮痂病、黑胫病、干腐病、黑痣病、病毒病PVX和PVY。这将为山东省马铃薯病害的防治提供一定的依据,同时也为马铃薯育种提供一定的参考价值。     

大豆花叶病毒病转基因抗性研究进展

大豆是世界上重要的豆类作物,是人类植物性蛋白和食用油的主要来源。大豆花叶病毒（soybean mosaic virus,SMV）是大豆重要的病原物之一,广泛分布于世界各大豆产区,严重影响大豆的产量和品质。目前尚无有效的化学药剂可以防治大豆花叶病毒病,培育抗病品种是最经济、安全、有效的途径。然而,传统的抗病育种周期漫长,育成品种的抗谱较窄且抗性容易因病毒的变异而丧失。转基因技术可以利用挖掘出的跨物种基因资源或通过基因编辑技术创造出新的转基因材料,从而拓宽遗传基础,这些优势使其成为大豆抗病毒研究的有力手段,为大豆抗病育种提供重要的理论依据。本文综合概述了国内外大豆花叶病毒病转基因抗性的研究进展,包括正向抗性、负向抗性、病原物诱导抗性,以期为相关领域的研究提供参考。     

高淀粉马铃薯新品系陇薯161—2选育报告

高淀粉马铃薯新品系陇薯１６１—２选育报告王一航，杨树恭，文国宏（甘肃省农科院粮作所兰州７３００７０）１选育经过１．１育种目标针对目前我省马铃薯生产实际和今后发展趋势，确定了马铃薯选育目标为高抗晚疫、黑胫、环腐病，对病毒病具有田间抗性，亩产一般２０００...     

我国马铃薯育种方式的变迁及其转基因育种研究进展

我国马铃薯品种选育经历了引种鉴定选育、杂交选育、细胞工程选育和基因工程选育4个阶段,培育出大量的各种类型品种,其中基因工程育种始于近年,已在抗病毒病、抗细菌和真菌病、品质改良和提高抗逆性方面取得了一定的进展。     

马铃薯植株受病毒侵染后生化指标漂移与抗病性关系的研究进展

分析了马铃薯植株受病毒侵染后过氧化物酶等防御酶、碳水化合物、可溶蛋白和游离氨基酸及核酸、激素等生化指标漂移与抗病性关系研究进展 ,提出马铃薯病毒测定的新技术 ,同时 ,阐明了影响马铃薯生产的新问题 ,提出今后马铃薯病毒汰除中生化测定的新动向。为马铃薯抗病毒育种提供更为可靠的理论依据。     

大豆病毒病的抗病育种

近十余年大豆病毒在不少地区有所发展,对大豆产量和籽粒品质影响很大。曾在湖北省江汉平原推广的某些大豆品种,产量虽较高,并具有不少优异特点,但因严重感染病毒病,竟酿成颗粒无收。李莹(1976)指出,大豆病毒病可使大豆籽粒产生的褐斑粒率高达95％。当前,在化学和生物防治均难以控制该病的情况下,大豆抗病毒病的育种势在必行。     

马铃薯遗传工程技术的研究

<正> 马铃薯的常规杂交育种目前遇到两大障碍:一是由于病毒病的浸染通过无性繁殖逐代积累产生的品种迅速退化;二是由于现有栽培种的基因库狭窄,特别是缺乏抗病和抗逆性基因,因此用常规的品种杂交的方法,通过基因重组合很难培育出具有抗病性和抗逆性的新品种。这两大生物学路障使马铃薯的育种工作面临着巨大困难,很难再前进一步。本世纪70年代后发展起来的遗传工程技     

Factors in the Reduction in Grain Number in Winter Wheat by Early-Sowing in Yamaguchi

Abstract

Grain number per spike of wheat is lower in early sowing than in the conventional standard cultivation in Yamaguchi, Prefecture, Japan. Components of the grain number per spike in five cultivars were analyzed with respect to temperature during the spike development period throughout three growing seasons 2001/2002, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 to find the cause of the problem of early sowing cultivation. The plants sown in early-October and late-November were called the early sown group and the standard group, respectively, in the following. Three of the five cultivars, Hokushin, Akitakko and Nanbukomugi, showed a strong winter habit, which requires very cold temperatures for spike differentiation. The other two cultivars, Iwainodaichi and Airakomugi, had a moderate winter habit. Grain number per spike and grain yield were decreased by early-sowing (compare with the standard group) in almost all cultivars throughout the three growing seasons. The three cultivars which had a strong winter habit had fewer spikelets per spike in the early-sown group than in the standard group. The other two cultivars which had a moderate winter habit had fewer grains per spikelet in the early-sown group. The higher the temperature during the spikelet formation phase, which is from flag leaf initiation to terminal spikelet initiation, the higher the number of spikelets per spike in the standard group. The spikelet number per spike in the early-sown group increased with the increase in productive tillers under fertile conditions. Such conditions also increased the grain number per spike.     

Allelopathy in Agroecosystems in Spain

Summary

This paper reviews the effects of allelopathic interactions in agroecosystems in Spain on plant physiological activity and their ecological advantages. The phenological stage of growth of donor plants and the effective allelochemicals in the soil solution while studying the role of phenolic compounds were highlighting. Finally possible future prospects and conclusions regarding weed control by allelochemi-cals under integrated crop management strategies are discussed.     

我国高粱育种研究进展

对我国高粱育种的主要途径和研究方向进行了概述,针对目前高粱产量徘徊现象,提出了高粱超高产育种设想,并对其技术路线进行了探讨。     

2009年中国稻米市场分析及2010年展望

以翔实的资料对2009年中国稻米生产、消费、进出口、供求平衡、库存、价格走势、购销政策和国际稻米供求等情况进行了全面地分析,对影响2010年稻米市场价格走势的各种因素进行了深入研究,并在此基础上对2010年我国稻米市场价格走势进行了预测,结论是我国稻米价格仍呈上行趋势。     

Advances in Variable Rate Technology Application in Potato in The Netherlands

Precision agriculture is a farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter- and intra-field variability in crops. In this paper, we focus on responding to intra-field variability in potato crops and analyse variable rate applications (VRAs). We made an overview of potential VRAs in potato crop management in The Netherlands. We identified 13 potential VRAs in potato, ranging from soil tillage to planting to crop care to selective harvest. We ranked them on availability of ‘proof of concept’ and on-farm test results. For five VRAs, we found test results allowing to make a cost-benefit assessment. These five VRAs were as follows: planting, soil herbicide weed control, N side dress, late blight control and haulm killing. They use one of two types of spatial data: soil maps or biomass index maps. Data on costs and savings of the VRAs showed that the investments in VRAs will pay off under practical conditions in The Netherlands. Savings on pesticide use and N-fertilizer use with the VRAs were on average about 25%, which benefits the environment too. We foresee a slow but gradual adoption of VRAs in potato production. More VRAs will become available given ongoing R&D. The perspectives of VRAs in potatoes are discussed.     

Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate in potato in two environments

Summary Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate were measured in a furrow-irrigated potato crop and in a riverbed crop where the water table was always maintained at 20–28 cm from the soil surface. In the irrigated crop, the photosynthetic rate during mid-afternoon was about half the peak rate observed at noon. This reduction was accompanied by a near tripling of stomatal resistance, a 45% reduction in transpiration, and a 5-fold increase in the difference between leaf and air temperatures. No such changes were observed in the riverbed crop where the photosynthetic rate remained nearly constant at about 0.9 mg m⁻² s⁻¹ between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. Tuber yield in the riverbed crop was about 30% higher than in the irrigated crop.     

我国干热区甘蔗抗旱植蔗主要问题研讨

我国干热蔗区是我国甘蔗糖业的重要生产基地，蔗区光热资源丰富，唯降水分布不均成为植蔗生产的主要限制因子；根据蔗区植蔗特点和甘蔗需水规律，苗期抗旱是干热蔗区抗旱植蔗的关键，保证较多的总苗数和足够的生长量是苗期抗旱植蔗需解决的关键技术难题，制定相应的苗期抗旱植蔗栽培技术措施是解决该难题的重要保障；该观点为我国干热蔗区植蔗生产、甘蔗引育种提供理论和技术支持。     

棉花体细胞无性系变异的研究进展

体细胞无性系变异是一种重要的细胞工程育种技术,其应用于棉花育种的前提是建立高效的组织培养诱导再生植株体系.本文简要综述了棉花离体诱导植株再生研究的现状,重点讨论了棉花体细胞无性系变异的表现、利用方法及机理,提出了当前研究存在的问题并对今后的研究进行了展望.