高蛋白玉米、高油玉米与普通玉米品质的对比研究

通过对高蛋白玉米、高油玉米与普通玉米的品质进行研究,结果表明,在子粒产量方面高蛋白玉米和高油玉米分别比普通玉米低24.91%和12.49%,但高蛋白玉米蛋白质公顷产量比普通玉米高13.5%,高油玉米脂肪公顷产量比普通玉米高30.84%;高蛋白玉米和高油玉米子粒容重低于普通玉米,含水量高于普通玉米;在子粒大小和干物质积累方面,则是高蛋白玉米最大,普通玉米次之,高油玉米最小。     

玉米瘤黑粉病的发生规律及防治措施

玉米瘤黑粉病又称玉米黑粉病,是威胁玉米生产的一类重要病害,近年来玉米瘤黑粉病在我国玉米主产区发病呈上升趋势,严重危害了我国玉米主产区的玉米生产。对玉米瘤黑粉病的发病症状进行了详细描述,并对玉米瘤黑粉病的发生规律进行了研究,同时探讨了玉米瘤黑粉病的综合防治措施。     

育种与栽培相结合紧凑型玉米创高产

从探索我国玉米高产道路进行夏玉米高产攻关研究开始,回顾了育种与栽培相结合培创玉米高产的研究过程。并通过紧凑型玉米与平展型玉米的株型比较试验,总结出紧凑型玉米杂交种的生理特征,证明了紧凑型玉米较平展型玉米的增产作用大,创造出16444.35kg/hm2的夏玉米高产纪录,推动了我国紧凑型玉米育种与高产栽培研究事业的发展。     

浅析发展高赖氨酸玉米对今后玉米产业的影响

着重分析我国玉米生产和玉米育种面临的任务和存在的问题。随着农业生产的发展,玉米的主要用途依次是饲用、食用和工业用。目前我国玉米65%~70%用于饲料,人均占有饲用玉米60 kg,美国人均占有饲用玉米300~500 kg,而我国远远低于农牧业发达国家。中国人口众多,再经过30年努力,玉米总产翻一番,人均占有玉米量也不超过120 kg,仅靠玉米数量增加是无法满足畜牧业发展对饲料的需求,因为大部分肉、禽、蛋、奶是靠玉米转化的。当前应加强品质育种研究,使今后玉米产业向高层次迈进,发展优质蛋白玉米(高赖氨酸玉米opaque-2玉米)是一项势在必行的农业技术措施。此外,为满足市场需求,还要发展高油玉米、青饲青贮玉米、高直链淀粉玉米等。     

高油玉米花粉直感效应对普通玉米品质的影响

通过两个高油玉米品种与5个普通玉米品种混种,利用高油玉米品种为普通玉米品种授粉,研究高油玉米对普通玉米的花粉直感效应。两年的研究结果表明:通过花粉直感效应,增加了普通玉米的含油量和粗蛋白含量,改变了淀粉含量。与通油1号玉米杂交的5个普通玉米产量均增加,增加幅度最高的是吉单180,其经济效益也最大。与四油199玉米杂交的5个普通玉米,除吉单180外,产量均降低,经济效益最高的是吉单180。由此可见,高油玉米通油1号比四油199更适合与普通玉米进行花粉直感效应,而吉单180是与高油玉米进行花粉直感效应最为合适的普通玉米品种。     

高油玉米与普通玉米混种应用效益的评价

利用高油玉米与普通玉米混种,可使玉米子粒含油率提高50%左右,改变子粒品质结构;高油115与掖单19混种产量与普通玉米清种持平,混种将提高高油玉米产量,混种栽培使玉米生产的稳产性增强;高油玉米生物产量较普通玉米高20%以上,雌穗收获期高油玉米全株茎秆鲜重较普通玉米增产30%以上.因此,混种提升了玉米生产综合利用价值。     

玉米抗蚜遗传研究进展

蚜虫是危害玉米生产的主要害虫之一,在我国危害玉米的蚜虫主要是玉米蚜(Rhopalosiphum maidis Fitch)。近年来在北方春玉米区、黄淮海夏播玉米区玉米蚜虫的危害呈上升趋势。玉米抗玉米蚜种质资源不丰富,迄今未发现对玉米蚜完全免疫的玉米材料。玉米对玉米蚜虫的抗性遗传机制比较复杂,多表现为隐性遗传,由1对基因、两对基因、两对互补基因和多基因控制。目前仅定位了少数抗蚜性位点,对玉米抗蚜性产生的生理生化机理进行初步探讨。     

优质专用玉米的概念及其类型

提出了优质专用玉米的概念及涵义,并将其划分为饲用玉米、淀粉玉米、鲜食玉米、爆裂玉米和其它玉米五种类型,对优质专用玉米产业化生产具有指导意义。     

基于Waxy基因序列的西南地区玉米地方品种的演化

以40份西南地区玉米地方品种群体为材料,对Waxy基因第9外显子和第14外显子之间的DNA序列进行测序,将测序得到的40条序列与Gen Bank中来自普通玉米、小颖玉米、墨西哥玉米和二倍体多年生玉米的20条同源序列作比对分析。结果表明,来自西南地区四川、重庆、云南和贵州的玉米地方品种群体分别有180、152、163、164个多态性位点,供试种群遗传多态性指数依次为小颖玉米四川地方品种墨西哥玉米重庆地方品种二倍体多年生玉米贵州地方品种云南地方品种普通玉米。Tajima’D、Fu and Li’D和Fu and Li’F检验表明,Waxy基因是中性进化基因。比较种群间Waxy基因序列的共有多态性和固有差异,玉米地方品种与墨西哥玉米和二倍体多年生玉米间存在较高的固有差异和较低的共有多态性。Waxy基因的系统演化分析结果表明,小颖玉米、普通玉米和玉米地方品种有相近的遗传关系,小颖玉米是普通玉米和玉米地方品种的共同祖先。     

我国特用玉米研究开发现状及前景展望

简要介绍了高油玉米、优质蛋白玉米、甜玉米、爆裂玉米、糯玉米、高直链淀粉玉米、青饲青贮玉米及笋玉米的特点及利用情况,对我国特用玉米的研究开发现状进行了综述,并对特用玉米的发展前景进行了展望.     

双株栽培模式对玉米大斑病流行时间动态影响

双株栽培模式是辽宁省玉米生产的新型栽培模式,包括双株定向栽培模式和双株紧靠栽培模式。根据植物病害流行学原理,通过田间试验设计及人工接种技术,对双株定向栽培模式、双株紧靠栽培模式和常规栽培模式下玉米大斑病发生流行动态进行比较研究。调查研究发现,双株定向栽培模式和双株紧靠栽培模式的病情指数低于常规栽培模式。通过SPSS 11.5软件对比分析,Logistic模型适用于描述双株定向栽培模式、双株紧靠栽培模式和常规栽培模式下玉米大斑病流行时间动态。     

海南橡胶树棒孢霉落叶病病情调查与病原鉴定

报道了我国海南橡胶树棒孢霉落叶病病情调查结果，并通过病害诊断、病原菌基础生物学特性研究和分子鉴定认为，该病的病原为多主棒孢[Corynesporacassiicola(Berkandcurt.)Wei]真菌。     

不同毒性玉米大斑病菌侵染对感病玉米叶片PAL活性的影响

利用从自然界中分离纯化的156株玉米大斑病菌菌株中筛选得到的强毒菌株YC和弱毒菌株01-23T分别接种感病玉米叶片,测定玉米叶片苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性的动态变化。结果表明,与不接种对照相比,接种强毒菌株YC 1~2 d时,玉米叶片PAL活性显著降低;接种3~4 d时,PAL活性略有上升但差异不显著;接种5 d时,PAL活性又显著降低。接种弱毒菌株01-23T 1~2 d时,玉米叶片PAL活性略有降低但差异不显著,接种3~5 d时,PAL活性上升但差异仍不显著。PAL是玉米抵抗玉米大斑病的一种重要防御酶,在侵染初期,只有降低玉米叶片的PAL活性玉米大斑病菌才能达到成功定殖的目的,可为明确玉米大斑病菌致病性的生化机制提供一定理论依据。     

玉米纹枯病的发生与防治

介绍了玉米纹枯病的发生和危害；对玉米纹枯病的病原、病症及发病规律进行了研究分析；根据病害发病的规律及流行条件，提出了对玉米纹枯病的综合防治措施。     

Effect of foliar treatments to durum wheat on flag leaf senescence, grain yield, quality and deoxynivalenol contamination in North Italy

Since the production of durum wheat in the drier areas of the Mediterranean Basin is characterized by high variability in terms of yield and grain quality, there is also considerable interest in developing durum wheat in the northern regions, where the pedo-climatic conditions can offer the possibility of obtaining grain yields with higher technological quality and stability. However, the climatic conditions in the northern regions make durum wheat more prone to fungal foliar disease, particularly to Septoria Tritici Blotch (Septoria tritici Rob.) and to Fusarium Head Blight (Fusarium graminearum Petch and Fusarium culmorum Sacc.), with the consequent occurrence of DON in grains.Field experiments have been conducted over two growing seasons at four sites in North West Italy to evaluate the effect of fungicides and foliar nitrogen fertilizer application on durum wheat yield and grain quality. Five combinations of foliar application were compared at each site and each year (untreated control, azole fungicide application at heading, strobilurin fungicide at the stem elongation stage and/or at heading, the addition of a foliar N fertilizer to a fungicide programme). The following parameters were analysed: Septoria Tritici Blotch (STB) severity, flag leaf greenness using a chlorophyll meter, grain yield, test weight, grain protein content, ash content, vitreousness, Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) incidence and severity and deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination. The collected data underline that the cultivation of durum wheat at the climatic conditions of North Italy is actually risky and needs a direct control of fungal disease, which would be able to reduce the development of both foliar and head attacks. The double treatment, with a strobilurin application during the stem elongation stage and azole at heading, results to be an essential practice and showed advantages in terms of the delay of flag leaf senescence (+27%), STB control (+31), FHB control (+11%), yield (+32%) and DON contamination (−45%), compared to the untreated control. Other foliar treatments at heading, such as strobilurin or foliar N fertilizer applications, do not seem to provide any further advantage, for either grain yield or quality. No significant effect of fungicide or foliar N fertilizer application was recorded on the protein or ash concentration or vitreousness.     

Identification of Chromosomal Regions Controlling the Leaf Photosynthetic Rate in Rice by Using a Progeny from Japonica and High-yielding Indica Varieties

Abstract

The whole-leaf photosynthetic rate in rice plants is controlled by various physiological processes. In a high-yielding indica rice variety, Habataki, the leaf photosynthetic rate (LPR) of the uppermost fully expanded leaves was approximately 130 to 140% of that in a japonica variety, Sasanishiki, from booting to the early ripening stage. We characterized the difference in the LPR between Habataki and Sasanishiki. Leaves of Habataki contained higher levels of nitrogen and, as a consequence, of Rubisco, and had higher stomatal conductance that was associated with higher hydraulic conductance from roots to leaves than those of Sasanishiki. These features were responsible for the higher LPR of Habataki. An analysis of chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) in which chromosome segments from Habataki were substituted into the genetic background of Sasanishiki showed that three genetic regions on chromosomes 4, 5 and 11 were responsible for the increase in the LPR. Each of these regions was estimated to increase the LPR by 15 to 30%, and we showed that they were associated with higher activity of mesophyll photosynthesis due to higher leaf nitrogen content and greater stomatal conductance. Leaf nitrogen content and stomatal conductance may be useful parameters for further quantitative trait locus analysis of efficient photosynthesis in leaves.     

黑龙江省玉米大斑病菌生理小种的研究

本文通过对黑龙江省西部玉米主产区及哈尔滨市农科院 试验地采集的30份玉米大斑病叶标本分离得到16个菌株,其中有5个菌株是从带有Ht₁的自交系上分离的,寄主鉴定结果表明哈尔滨市存在有玉米大斑病2号生理小种,其他地区只分离到1号小种。     

信阳地区菜用黄麻立枯病的发生情况及对产量的影响

为减少信阳地区菜用黄麻种植中病害的发生，达到高产稳产，提高菜麻质量的目的。该实验对本地区2011年度发生最严重的黄麻立枯病进行跟踪调查，并统计出几个品种的被害率，被害率最高达97．40％，严重影响了菜麻的产量与品质。通过分析其发生原因，提出了合理的防治方法，以期为更好的种植菜用黄麻提供依据。     

Relationship between leaf area index and ground cover in potato under different management conditions

The ability of a potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plant to intercept solar radiation is closely related to tuber yield. Leaf Area Index and ground cover measurements are frequently used to estimate light interception. Within this experiment LAI and ground cover were highly correlated even under different management practices with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.52 to 0.92. When correlating LAI and ground cover the slope of the linear correlation varied with management, suggesting that LAI increased more rapidly than ground cover under some conditions. The differences between slopes may provide an estimate of canopy light interception efficiency. Leaf area duration (LAD) explained 74 and 79% of the difference in total tuber yield while ground cover duration (GCD) explained 74 to 87% of the variation in 1997 and 1998, respectively.     

江苏主栽小麦品种遗传多样性的SSR分析

为了从分子水平上明确江苏省小麦品种资源的遗传多样性水平,选用138对微卫星分子标记(SSR)对江苏省近40年来的90份主栽小麦品种的遗传多样性进行研究。结果表明,在90份主栽品种中,138个SSR位点共检测到542个等位变异,平均每个位点有3.93个等位变异,变化范围2~11;多态性信息含量(PIC值)变化范围为0.032 6~0.824 5,平均为0.415 1;基因组的平均等位变异及PIC值均为BAD;对90个品种按照所应用的麦区可分为淮北麦区品种(45个)和淮南麦区品种(45个),淮北麦区品种平均PIC值为0.428 7,淮南麦区品种平均PIC值为0.356 6,淮南麦区品种基因多样性和PIC值显著低于淮北麦区,并且不同时期淮北和淮南麦区品种的遗传多样性也存在不同的变化趋势。