三系杂交粳稻发展缓慢的原因及对策

目前中国杂交粳稻的种植面积仅占粳稻总种植面积的3％。由于籼、粳亚种在感光性和适应性方面存在差异,BT型粳稻不育系与野败型籼稻不育系在不育性的稳定性和开花习性方面存在差异,以及常规粳稻育种发展迅速等原因,与杂交籼稻相比,杂交粳稻发展缓慢。为了促进杂交粳稻的发展,需要加大对杂交粳稻育种的经费资助和人力投入,加强对恢复系品质与产量的改良,加强多种不育细胞质源的利用研究,加强对不育系开花习性的改良,加强杂交粳稻亲本种子的保纯繁殖及加强生物技术与常规育种技术的结合。     

杂交水稻三系不育系选育的实践与思考

回顾了杂交水稻三系不育系15 a来选育的实践,总结了选育杂交水稻三系不育系的经验与体会.1)利用籼粳交加花药培养快速稳定技术选育三系不育系及其保持系,育种难度大,成效低;2)选育优质不育系,低代品质鉴定是关键;3)不育系异交结实率的选择,应从柱头外露率和田间自然异交结实率两方面考虑;4)有针对性地进行个别性状的遗传改良选育新的不育系,可以达到事半功倍的效果;5)选育抗稻瘟病水稻不育系是非常必要的,应加强这方面的工作.     

杂交水稻育种材料和方法研究的现状及发展趋势

概要总结了近年来国内外在杂交水稻育种材料和方法研究方面的进展,分析了存在的主要问题和讨论了今后的发展趋势。内容包括现有不育系的改良,新不育质源的发掘,高配合力恢复系的选育和杂种优势形成机理及超高产育种探索等。指出以生物技术与常规育种技术相结合创制新的育种材料和探索新的育种方法是21世纪杂交水稻发展的方向。     

粒用高粱不育系的表现型分类

近几年来,为强化育种过程,对原始材料形态特征的分类作了改良。这对高梁不育系具有特殊意义,因为研究初期不育系数量少,迫使育种工作者经常利用同一类收集样本选育自己的不育系和保持系。结果,在每个科研机关私有的和巳于全苏作物所登记的不育系中,许多     

玉米雄性不育利用的障碍及三系配套法的改良

本文分析总结了目前我国玉米雄性不育利用受到局限的原因，指出玉米雄性不育受到局限的真正原因并非小斑病生理小种对不育细胞质的专化侵染，而是由于三系配套模式造成的育种环节繁杂和育种时效落后。本文针对上述情况提出了三系配套的改良方法，即在育种中不选育恢复系，使同名正常胞质杂交种为不育胞质杂交种提供必需的粉源。     

三系杂交水稻抗稻瘟病、白叶枯病育种研究进展

目前多数三系杂交稻组合抗病性较差,其抗病性受恢复系与不育系的共同影响,提高杂交稻抗性的关键是向三系亲本同步导入抗性基因.目前杂交稻的抗病育种基本立足于常规育种,但常规抗病育种方法存在一定的局限性;分子标记辅助选择在三系亲本抗病单基因导入和多基因聚合育种中均取得较大进展.针对存在的问题提出了抗病育种研究策略.     

杂交水稻育种材料和方法研究遥现状及发展趋势

概要总结了近年来国内外在杂交水稻育种材料和方法研究方面的进展,分析了存在的主要问题和讨论了今后的发展趋势。内容包括现有不育系的改良,新不育质源的发掘,高配合力恢复系的选育和杂种优势形成机理及超高产育种探索等,指出以生物技术与常规育种技术相结合创制新的育种材料和探索新的育种方法是２１世纪杂交水稻发展的方向。     

水稻研究所5个省属公益类科研专项通过专家验收

正2013年12月27日,由福建省农业科学院邀请有关专家,对水稻研究所所承担的"优质光温敏核不育系选育及两系杂交稻组合选配"等5个2011年省属公益类科研专项进行评审验收。"优质光温敏核不育系选育及两系杂交稻组合选配"、"三系杂交稻亲本的分子遗传改良与强优组合的选育"、"优质、抗稻瘟病水稻不育系繁源A强优势组合的配制与利用"、"水稻区试数字化平台建设及在育种上的应用"等项目共育成3个品种通过省级审定,育成2个优质水稻不育系,改良育成1个抗稻瘟病恢复系,配制了30多个品种参加省级各级区域试验,建立了水稻研究所水稻苗头品种所区域试验平台。"杂交水稻制种母本机插技术研究"     

杂交水稻新组合T优551高产制种技术初探

杂交水稻新品种T优551是福建农林大学作物科学学院遗传育种研究室与福建省种子总站合作,针对龙特甫A育性不稳定性这一特性,采用遗传改良技术育成的三系不育系T55A与晚R-1进行杂交,配制而成的三系杂交稻新组合.2004年通过了福建省品种审定委员会审定.本文重点介绍了T优551亲本的特征特性及其组合的制种技术,为加速T优551 育种推广提供参考依据.     

辽宁水稻育种方法的三次重大突破

辽宁省水稻育种经历了三次重大突破,第一次是水稻籼粳杂交与理想株型育种,在20世纪50年代初期,辽宁省便开始了籼粳杂交育种研究,并相继开展了水陆稻杂交、地理远缘杂交研究,70~80年代成功选育出"千重浪"、"辽粳5号"、"黎优57"等品种,1978年提出理想株型育种模式;第二次是粳型杂交水稻育种,通过包台(BT)型和滇型不育系和籼粳架桥选育恢复系选育成功,1976年辽宁杂交粳稻配套成功;第三次是水稻群体育种,水稻群体育种充分利用核质互作型不育系和生态型不育系的雄性不育特性与混合父本(多品种混合播种)在田间自由授粉实现品种间或亚种间的杂交,将水稻常规育种技术与杂交稻育种技术有机地融合在一起。     

中籼扬稻6号及其在杂交稻育种中的应用

扬稻6号具有高产、优质、抗病等优良特点，对野败型及其它恢保关系相类似的不育系无恢复能力，而对红莲型和光温敏核不育系有较强的恢复能力，以扬稻6号作父本配制的两优培九、广两优6号、粤优938等不同类型的杂交稻组合，均表现优质、高产、抗病，综合性状优良，有很好的推广应用价值。说明常规稻的高水平育种，有利于提高杂交稻育种的整体水平。     

安徽省三系杂交籼稻育种现状与展望

综述了安徽省２０ａ来三系杂交籼稻的育种成就和存在问题,指出今后的育种目标应主攻早熟、优质、超高产,并选育适于机械化制种和耐旱的组合;技术路线上早杂以选育早熟恢复系,中晚杂以选育优质不育系,亚种间组合以选育广亲和不育系为主。     

湖南省三系法杂交水稻育种“八五”回顾及其“九五”展望

回顾了湖南省“八五”期间三系法杂交水稻育种所取得的主要成就及存在的问题。就三系法杂交水稻育种所面临的困境作了技术分析，并展望了“九五”以及提出了“九五”攻关的重点与相应的对策     

Development ofNew InDel Marker to Detect Genotypes of Conferring Fertility Restoration of BT-Type Cytoplasmic Male Sterility inRice简

Restorer line breeding is an important approach to enhance the heterosis and improve the yields of japonica hybrid rice. To improve the selection efficiency of restorer lines for BT-type cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in japonica rice, a functional marker InDel-Rf-1a based on the difference of nucleotide sequence in Rf-1a locus between BT-type CMS lines and restorer lines was developed to detect the genotypes of different rice materials. Conventional indica rice varieties, restorer and maintainer lines without 574 bp deletion could restore the fertility for BT-type CMS in japonica rice. By contrast, most conventional japonica rice varieties except Aichi 106 and Yijing 12, with genotype of rf-1arf-1a showed the 574 bp deletion maintained sterility for BT-type CMS lines. To further verify the effect of genotyping detection in Rf-1a locus, this marker was also used to amplify the genomic DNA in different japonica rice restorer lines, CMS lines, hybrids and F₂ segregation population, and three genotypes in Rf-1a locus could be distinguished distinctly. Therefore, the marker InDel-Rf-1a could be widely used for genetic identification and marker-assisted selection (MAS) in breeding japonica restorer lines.     

利用香稻改良杂交水稻稻米品质

To improve grain quality of the high-yielding hybrid rice in China, we introduced the aromatic rice MR365, an improved Indian cultivar with aroma and other desirable grain quality characters such as long grain and low chalkiness, from IRRI in 1984 and began to transfer its aroma and good quality characters into the existing maintainer lines with good combining ability but poor grain quality. In the meantime, we also conducted the research on the inheritance of aroma for increasing the breeding efficiency. Through years of research and breeding practices, two cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines Xiangxiang 2 A and Xinxiang A and a series of quasi-aromatic hybrids mated from these aromatic CMS lines have been developed and released for commercial production in China. It was found that the inheritance of aroma in MR 365 and its derivatives including Xiangxiang 2 A, Xinxiang A and Xiang 2B S was controlled by one pair of recessive major genes based on the identification of aroma by the KOH-soaking method. We also found that there existed disparity in aroma degree among different grains of F2 generation, and different aromatic CMS lines derived from the same aromatic donor such as Xiangxiang 2 A and Xinxiang A had also a little difference in the degree of aroma, which implies that, besides the major genes, aroma may also be affected by the genetic backgrounds or minor genes. Xiangxiang 2 A, developed from the cross of V20A∥V20B/MR365, is the first aromatic CMS line bred in China. It is not only aromatic but has good grain quality and combining ability. Using it as female parent, Xiangyou 63 (Xiangxiang 2A/Minghui 63), the first quasi-aromatic hybrid rice combination in China, was developed and approved to release to farmers in 1995. Xiangyou 63 is characteristic of quasi-aromatic or partially aromatic (because only a portion of or NOT ALL grains are aromatic), good grain quality, high-yielding ability, good blast resistance and wide adaptability. However, Xiangxiang 2 A has an evident drawback, i.e., instablility in male sterility under higher temperature conditions resulting from the existence of restoring minor genes in it, which greatly hampered the extension of its elite hybrid Xiangyou 63 with both high yield and fine quality in commercial production. To improve Xiangxiang 2 A, we made hybridization of Xiangxiang 2 B with V20 B again in 1990. A new aromatic CMS line Xinxiang A was successfully developed in 1994. It not only retains the favorable characteristics of Xiangxiang 2 A in grain quality and combining ability, but also expresses complete and stable male sterility and high seed production yield potential. Up to now, by using it as female parent, a series of quasi-aromatic hybrids have been developed. Some of them such as Xinxiangyou 63 (Xinxiang A/Minghui 63), Xinxiangyou 77 (Xinxiang A/Minghui 77), Xinxiangyou 80 (Xinxiang A/R80), Xinxiangyou 207 (Xinxiang A/R207) and Xinxiangyou 96 (Xinxiang A/R96) have been released to farmers. Such hybrids have been preferred and well welcome by the farmers in China, because they can not only yield higher or as high as but also possess a better grain quality than the current common high-yielding hybrid rice varieties, especially, they are naturally-mixed aromatic rice so that it can be consumed daily just like non-aromatic common rice. The planting area under these hybrids is increasing rapidly in China. It is expected that the quasi-aromatic hybrid rice will have a good prospect in the coming years.     

水稻广亲和恢复系的选育及其利用

选用具有广亲和基因的粳稻品种与籼稻恢复系杂交，成功地将两个基因重组于一体，育成了籼粳中间型的广亲和恢复系，经与三系不育系配组鉴定，杂种优势强、抗性好，已进入扩大示范并展示出应用的前景。同时，也对广亲和恢复系选育提出若干问题，供共同讨论。     

华南晚籼夜公细胞质（Y型）雄性不育系的选育

由华南晚籼迟熟品种夜公细胞质育成了Y型不育系,证明华南晚籼迟熟品种中存在着雄性不育细胞质。Y型雄性不育细胞质效应优于野败,其不育系表现全不育,不育性稳定,恢保关系与野败相似,生育期遗传多样化,配合力强,已由其育成一批强优组合。由Y华农A育成的华优86和华优桂99 表现高产稳产、米质优良、抗病性强,表明Y型不育系是可以开发利用的新型细胞质雄性不育系。     

光身杂交稻选育研究进展

利用美国光身稻种质资源,培育出野败型三系光身杂交稻配套亲本光香A、B和光身R及光身光温敏核不育系光S,并用其配组率先育成一批三系光身杂交稻组合,如光香优德87、光香优602、光香优613等;还选配出一批非光身的优质高产三系杂交稻新组合如光香优7号、光香优13和光香优6号以及两系杂交稻组合光两优113和光两优193等.光身杂交稻及其配套亲本的选育成功,将进一步促进水稻亚种间杂种优势利用,可望实现我国杂交稻育种在米质、产量、抗性和适应性方面新的突破.     

高产粳稻品种兼恢复系京光651的选育

通过恢复系之间配组育成的早熟粳稻品种京光651，在北京区试中增产幅度（＞10％）和产量潜力接近当前同熟期的杂交粳稻组合，2000年4月已通过北京市农作物品种审定。该品种对一般粳稻不育系均具有良好的恢复性，可作为恢复系配组应用，有可能在早中熟优质高产新组合的选配中发挥重要作用。