论积极发展创汇农业

近几年来,创汇农业在沿海地区率先兴起之后,全国各地积极制定符合本地区实际的创汇农业发展战略规划。一个以国际市场为导向的创汇农业建设热潮正在各地兴起。根据中央“积极发展创汇农业”的建议精神和近几年的实践,研究创汇农业及其发展,无论在理论上或实践上都具有十分重要的意义。     

发展湖南创汇农业的思考

总结了湖南创汇农业取得的成效以及存在的问题；分析了近年产生这些问题的原因；提出了今后发展湖南创汇农业的措施与对策。     

创汇农业及其急需解决的几个问题

农副产品及以农副产品为原料的加工品出口额约占全国出口总额的50%以上.可见,发展创汇农业是外向型经济一个重要方面.其发展速度的快慢,对实现农业现代化和沿海地区经济发展战略具有重大作用.此文虽不足以反映当前沿海地区创汇农业发展的全貌,但亦可从中粗览创汇农业轮廓.     

日本的农业与食品工业见闻

一九八五年四月,应日本中国农业现代化研究会、农业开发技术者协会和富山县日中农业技术交流协会等团体的邀请,中国科学院桃源农业现代化综合科学试验基地赴日考察团一行七人,就农业和食品工业等问题,对日本的富山县、千叶县和东京都的三十多个单位,进行了十五天的考察。现将考察的感受见闻录下,以供借鉴。     

日本国农业生产考察报告

为加快“两高一优”农业的发展步伐 ,促进全市农业向标准化、规范化、现代化的方向发展 ,增加农产品的科技含量 ,提高农产品在加入ＷＴＯ后的市场竞争能力 ,哈尔滨市农业局根据市政府的指示 ,组织由五常、方正、木兰等三个县 (市 )共六人的考察团 ,于 2 0 0 0年 9月 2 5日～ 1 0月 9日 ,赴日本国进行了为期 1 5ｄ的农业考察。现将考察结果汇报如下 :1　概况本次考察受到接待单位新写、北海道等政府部门热烈欢迎。日本日中友协及有关农业部门、科研单位对考察团学习、交流、参观考察做了周到的安排。考察内容主要有(1 )水稻栽培技术 ;(2 )水…     

赴日本冈山县农业考察的汇报

赴日本冈山县农业考察的汇报江西省赴日本冈山县农业考察团受日本国冈山县知事长野士郎的邀请，在吴官正省长关心安排Ｆ，江西省农业考察团一行七人，干９月１８日至２５日，对日本冈山县农业进行了考察。短短七天的参观考察，我们看到冈山县农业发展概况，了解了日本民族...     

加入WTO对福建省及厦门市农业的影响和对策探讨

WTO号称“世界经济的联合国” ,加入WTO将是我国的第二次“改革开放”。本文阐述了WTO在农业方面的规则 ,加入WTO对福建省、厦门市农业生产的影响 ,重点探讨了在加入WTO后的应对策略     

欧盟农业产业化培训考察有感

<正> 2002年10月20日至11月9日,受农业部外经中心、外经贸部国际交流中心的委派,以湖南省农业厅副厅长李志纯为团长、团员来自湘、鄂、浙、闽、琼、渝、青、京、陇、豫、粤十一省、市的欧盟农业产业化培训考察团一行26人对欧盟农业进行了为期21d的考察。考察团通过聘请专家讲课、拜访欧盟有关各国的农业官员、实地考察、访问农户等形式,对欧盟农业有了真切的感受。     

加入WTO与益阳农业的战略性调整

分析了中国加入 WTO后对益阳市农业发展的有利影响 ,论述了加入 WTO后益阳市农业应进行的战略性调整 ,即突出抓好农产品的质量调优 ,增强市场竞争力 ;加大农业科技投入力度 ,促进科技进步 ;实行标准化生产经营 ,生产绿色食品 ;加强小城镇建设 ,促进农村工业化和城镇化进程。     

留美硕士谈美国农业(下)——访大洼县副县长刘吉广

记者：美国农业对我市农业发展有哪些启示？刘吉广：加入WTO后，中国农业将面临严峻挑战。其中来自美国农业的冲击最大。因此研究美国农业特点，对照我市的实际，扬长避短，闯出我市农业进军国际市场的道路。（１）调整政府职能，加大对农业的服务力度目前我们政府正逐步由对农业的直接管理性过渡到服务性，但按照进入WTO的要求还有很大差距。特别是在技术、信息、市场、金融等方面。因此农业部门应加快职能转变，全方位为农民提供优质服务。（２）以工业化的方式发展农业产业化龙头企业发展现代农业必须树立农业生产商品化、国接轨。与…     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

生物质能作物——甘薯开发利用现状及趋势

甘薯是世界上重要的粮食、饲料、工业原料及新型能源用块根作物，在我国乃至世界再生能源开发中起到重大作用，其分布地域广，适应性强，沙荒地、岗坡地均可种植。生物产量高，而且种植栽培容易。甘薯含淀粉15％～30％，晒干率20％～35％，世界各国以薯干或淀粉为原料生产乙醇有着悠久的历史。随着全球能源的日趋紧张，乙醇作为一种可再生的环保燃料．将快速步入全球成品油市场，在替代汽油供应方面起到越来越大的作用。各国正在推行或制定燃料乙醇计划，并着眼于生物燃料乙醇应用方案，认为甘薯可能是摆脱将来粮食和能源危机的“最后一张王牌”。     

海南百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定及其发生危害

百香果是海南省的新兴产业,也是我国多个省区扶贫攻坚的重要产业。病虫害是影响百香果产业的重要因素,随着海南百香果种植面积越来越大,病虫害对百香果产业的不利影响越来越凸显。由于缺乏百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定的基础性研究,许多种植户对田间发生的病虫害种类识别不足,从而影响了百香果病虫害的防控效果。为了摸清海南百香果种植区的病虫害种类,于2019—2021年对海南省儋州市、乐东县、屯昌县、文昌市、三亚市、东方市、保亭县、白沙县、海口市等百香果种植区的病虫害进行了系统调查与鉴定,并对其发生危害特点进行了研究。鉴定发现海南百香果种植区的病害有11种,分别是病毒病、茎基腐病、炭疽病、疮痂病、疫病、灰霉病、果腐病、褐斑病、烟煤病、藻斑病和缺镁。重要病害为病毒病和茎基腐病,危害程度分别为4级和3级,炭疽病和疮痂病危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他病害危害较轻。害虫有28种,分别是黄胸蓟马、茶黄蓟马、红带蓟马、美洲棘蓟马、普通大蓟马、咖啡木蠹蛾、美洲斑潜蝇、橘小实蝇、斜纹夜蛾、双线盗毒蛾、绿丽刺蛾、白带锯蛱蝶、烟粉虱、温室白粉虱、柑橘粉蚧、木槿曼粉蚧、藤壶蜡蚧、茶角盲蝽、樟颈曼盲蝽、稻绿蝽、中稻缘蝽、茶小绿叶蝉、丽球瓢蜡蝉、绿鳞象甲、眼斑芫菁、白条豆芫菁、甘薯梳龟甲和朱砂叶螨。重要害虫为黄胸蓟马和咖啡木蠹蛾,危害程度均为3级,茶黄蓟马和美洲斑潜蝇的危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他害虫危害较轻。软体动物3种,分别是灰巴蜗牛、同型巴蜗牛和一种尚未鉴定的蛞蝓。本研究明确了海南百香果种植区病虫害具体种类,新发现百香果病害1种和害虫24种,为海南百香果病虫害的精准防控提供技术支撑。     

云南省"双高"甘蔗生产与发展

从自然生产条件、龙头企业状况和产业经济效益3方面论述了云南省“双高”甘蔗发展的优势条件.分析了现阶段“双高”甘蔗发展中存在的主要问题,即甘蔗产业科技落后、蔗园建设投入不足、加工企业规模较小,产品单一.从“双高”甘蔗优势产业带建设,甘蔗种子工程体系,“双高”甘蔗科技、甘蔗产业化经营发展与科技培训等方面提出了“双高”甘蔗发展的建议和措施.