对导入Suwan1玉米种质选育自交系的评价

试验选用地方常用系甸骨11A、红玉米、长3、Mo17、黄早四导入Suwan1种质选育的自交系5份,分别与选定测验种杂交。通过改良系与未改良系、改良杂交种与未改杂交种的比较,结果表明改良系生育期延后,穗行数增加、百粒重下降、单株产量提高,增产幅度在3.9%～43.5%。改良系与选定测验种的杂种优势表现:甸骨11A改良系与红玉米、红玉米改良系与甸骨11A、长3改良系与海014的产量对照优势显著高于相邻对照;红玉米改良系与C500、Mo17改良系与B73和444的产量对照优势为正,长3改良系与龙抗11,黄早四改良系与Mo17和8112的产量对照优势为负,但与相邻对照差异均不显著;甸骨11A改良系与早大黄的产量对照优势为负并差异显著,其杂交种丝黑穗发病率25.3%。     

丹玉旅系改良的创新思路

丹玉旅系是我国玉米育种界公认的五大优良自交系之一,为扩增玉米种质资源,培育高产优质杂交种做了巨大贡献。许多育种者对丹玉旅系进行了大量的改良、扩增与创新,选育出旅9、旅9宽、E28、丹340等31个优良自交系,在生产上大面积应用。丹玉旅系改良的成功思路是从变异中选择,旅系间相互改良,旅系与黄改系改良,旅系与综合种的改良。为进一步改良旅系的抗病性、抗倒性、配合力等,探讨新的创新思路:用外杂选亚群自交系改良旅系,用Reid群自交系改良旅系,以提高玉米育种效率和杂种优势利用水平。     

水稻三系不育系优质高产繁殖技术

三系杂交水稻种子生产过程中,不育系种子质量是影响杂交水稻种子质量的关键因素之一。总结近几年三系不育系繁殖工作的经验,从基地选择、播种、移栽、去杂、收获等环节层层控制,确保不育系种子质量和产量,为三系杂交水稻种子生产提供高质量亲本种子作支撑。     

7份白肋烟雄性不育系与同型可育系性状比较

以7份白肋烟雄性不育系与对应的同型可育系为供试材料,比较不育系与同型可育系的综合性状。结果表明,MSVA1053、MSVA1061、MSVA528、MSVA1050、MS鄂白010、MS鄂白001和MS建选3号等7份不育系遗传性状稳定,特征特性及综合性状与同型可育系一致,己转育成为各对应品种的雄性不育的同型系。     

小麦-中间偃麦草衍生系的分子细胞遗传学鉴定

对阿勃缺体与小麦-中间偃麦草部分双二倍体中2经杂交、回交选育的两个衍生系(衍生系Ⅰ和衍生系Ⅱ)研究表明,两个衍生系在形态学和细胞学上已经基本稳定,细胞学鉴定结果均为2n=44=22″。两个衍生系与阿勃二体杂交F1花粉母细胞染色体构型以及基因组原位杂交结果表明,衍生系Ⅰ为小麦-中间偃麦草异代换-附加系,衍生系Ⅱ为小麦-中间偃麦草异附加系。     

28份玉米单倍体诱导系的诱导率表现及聚类分析

以28份外引及自育单倍体诱导系为父本、粤甜28为母本,经诱导率测定及聚类分析,对诱导系改良效果进行评价。结果表明,所有外引及自育诱导系诱导率均高于原始诱导系Stock6,变幅在0.43%~3.57%,(高诱1号×EDI)×EDI?-2、(高诱1号×Zy-1)×高诱1号BC_3-5、Y04-3912、(高诱1号×Zy-1)×高诱1号BC_2F_2-19及高诱1号等5份诱导系诱导率低于1%,其余22份诱导系诱导率均高于1%,且显著或极显著高于原始诱导系Stock6。聚类分析发现,在相似系数0.58处可将28份诱导系划分为3大类,第Ⅰ大类包含25份诱导系,包含2个亚群,其中,第一亚群含20份诱导系,第二亚群含5份诱导系;第Ⅱ类包含Stock6、新选系S1-4等2份诱导系;第Ⅲ类中仅含诱导系Y04-3912。综合来看,对原始诱导系Stock6的诱导率改良较为成功,改良系与原始诱导系Stock6间存在较大的遗传差异,改良系遗传基础仍较狭窄,需进一步拓宽诱导系种质基础。     

同核异质温敏核不育水稻光合特性的细胞质效应

以来源于不同地域的8个水稻品种为细胞质供体,以温敏核不育系株1S、准S作为细胞核供体,分别连续回交12次,得到株1S和准S 2套核背景的同核异质温敏核不育系,比较了新质源不育系与其对照不育系的光合特性。结果表明,在株1S同核异质不育系中,以日本晴为细胞质源的不育系株1-5S的Pn、Fv'/Fm'、Phi PS2和q P均显著大于对照株1S,而以V20A为细胞质源的不育系株1-3S则显著小于对照株1S;在准S同核异质不育系中,以茶陵野生稻为细胞质源的不育系准-8S的Pn、Fv'/Fm'、Phi PS2和q P均显著大于对照准S,而以Lemont为细胞质源的不育系准-7S的Pn、Fv'/Fm'、Phi PS2和q P及以V20A为细胞质源的不育系准-3S的Pn则显著小于对照准S。V20A细胞质对不育系的光合效率有负效应,茶陵野生稻细胞质和日本晴细胞质在特定的质核互作中有明显的正效应。     

基于SSR标记的中籼型两系杂交水稻亲本遗传差异分析

利用48对SSR引物对50份中籼型两系杂交水稻骨干亲本或改良系进行了遗传多样性分析。结果表明,基于SSR分子标记的遗传聚类结果与供试材料的系谱关系高度一致,不育系和恢复系明显聚类为2个群组(Ⅰ和Ⅱ),2个群组内的平均遗传距离差异不明显。湖南隆平高科种业科学研究院有限公司选育的多数不育系材料聚合为不育系群组下的一个单独亚组(Ⅰ-4),且在4个不育系亚组中具有最大的组内平均遗传距离。华占衍生系和广东常规稻独立于9311衍生系或近缘系,且已明显分化为2个亚组(Ⅱ-2和Ⅱ-3)。华占衍生系或近缘系组存在一定程度的同质化问题,为进一步拓展此群组与湖南隆平高科种业科学研究院有限公司不育系群组之间的遗传距离,提高群组间的杂种优势水平,需继续引入华南优质、高抗、广适种质进行改良。     

高配合力优质籼型两系不育系504S的选育与应用

504S系安徽省农业科学院水稻研究所以籼型两系不育系1892S为母本,以自育三系保持系65B（丰8B/早籼M057）为父本,经5年8代选择育成的优质籼型温敏核不育系。该不育系具有株型紧凑、叶色深绿、分蘖力强、不育起点温度低、异交结实率较高、配合力强等特性,2013年8月通过安徽省农作物品种审定委员会鉴定。利用504S所配制的两系杂交籼稻新组合两优5078和两优5077具有优质、高产、抗逆的特点,分别于2019年和2020年通过国家农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

粘类小麦细胞质雄性不育系恢复性能及其杂种优势和细胞质效应的研究

为更好地揭示粘类小麦细胞质雄性不育系(CMS)的恢复性能、杂种优势和细胞质效应,以推动三系杂交小麦的生产应用,以4类19种异质粘类小麦CMS为母本,与系列恢复系亲本进行不完全双列杂交,获得248个互为同核异质、同质异核、异质异核的杂种F1,对粘类小麦CMS的恢复规律等进行了研究。结果表明:(1)影响粘类CMS恢复性能的主要因素是恢复系、不育系核型、不育系胞质类型,三因素对恢复度的影响表现为:恢复系>不育系核型>不育系胞质类型;(2)粘类CMS与系列恢复系的杂种F1穗长、分蘖均值分别为其亲本的1.129倍和1.273倍,具有很强的杂种优势,株高为亲本的0.997倍,具有一定的负向优势;(3)对粘类小麦CMS产生单倍体的影响表现为:不育系核型>不育系胞质类型>恢复系,单倍体产生程度与不育系核型和不育系胞质类型相关,单倍体产生频率只和不育系核型直接相关,单倍体产生频率与单倍体产生的严重程度没有直接关系,利用特定不育系核型可有效避免产生单倍体。     

早熟丰产机采棉花品种——新石K26

主要介绍新石K26的选育过程、生物学特性、产量、纤维品质、抗病性及栽培技术要点。     

长江流域棉花轻简高效种植技术探讨

长江流域棉区是中国三大主要产棉区之一。近年来,受劳动力成本上升,棉花用工繁多、比较效益下降,以及生产中机械化、信息化程度低等因素影响,当地棉花种植面积急剧萎缩。为改变现状,从棉花品种、轻简化机械化管理技术、绿色高效栽培技术以及现代农业信息化智能化技术等方面进行了分析,探讨了长江流域棉花轻简高效种植技术措施及研究方向,为长江流域棉花产业持续发展提供参考。     

Effects of application of nitrogen fertilizer on concentrations of P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn in perennial ryegrass/white clover pastures in south-western Victoria, Australia

Effects of timing and rate of N fertilizer application on concentrations of P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn in herbage from perennial ryegrass/white clover pastures were studied at two sites in south-western Victoria, Australia. Nitrogen fertilizer (0, 15, 25, 30, 45 and 60 kg ha^–1) was applied as urea in mid-April, early May, mid-May, early June and mid-June 1996 to pastures grazed by dairy cows. At Site 1, N fertilizer resulted in a linear increase in P, K, S, Mg and Cl concentrations in herbage and a linear decrease in Ca concentration. For all times of application, concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg and Cl in herbage increased by 0·0048, 0·08, −0·010, 0·0013 and 0·053 g kg^–1 dry matter (DM) per kg N applied respectively. For S concentration, maximum responses occurred in mid-May (0·012 g kg^–1 DM per kg N applied). At Site 2, N fertilizer resulted in a linear increase in P, S and Na concentrations in herbage, a linear decrease in Ca concentration and a curvilinear increase in K and Cl concentration. The maximum responses for P, S and K concentrations in herbage occurred for the N application in mid-June and were 0·015, 0·008 and 0·47 g kg^–1 DM per kg N applied respectively. For Cl concentration, the maximum response occurred for the N application in early June and was 0·225 g kg^–1 DM per kg N applied. Overall, applications of N fertilizer up to 60 kg ha^–1 did not alter herbage mineral concentration to levels that might affect pasture growth or animal health.     

Characterization of starches of proso,foxtail, barnyard,kodo, and little millets

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) pictures of small millet starch granules showed more large polygonal and few small spherical or polygonal granules. The granules of small millets resembled those of rice starch granules. The size of the starch granules ranged from 0.8–10 m. The size of the granules was larger in barnyard millet and smaller in proso millet. Several granules showed deep indentation caused by protein bodies. SEM of starch isolated from 24 hour-germinated kodo millet showed pitting or pinholes at some points due to the attack of amylases (preferentially on bigger granules). Brabender viscoamylograph studies on small millet starches revealed that the gelatinization temperatures ranged from 75.8 to 84.9 ^° C. Barnyard millet possessed lower amylograph viscosity, minimum breakdown, and relative breakdown values when compared to the other small millets.     

氮磷钾肥对稻米铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量和产量的影响

 采用田间试验，在四川省西昌市用两个水稻品种研究了氮、磷、钾肥施用量对稻米中铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量和产量的影响。结果表明，稻米中铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量均随着施氮量增加先上升后下降，滇屯502的铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量和产量都以施用90 kg/hm2 N最高，稻谷产量以施用180 kg/hm2 N最高；而合系39的铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙的含量以施用180 kg/hm2 N最高，稻谷产量以施用270 kg/hm2 N最高，说明供试籼型品种滇屯502对氮肥的敏感性较粳型品种合系39强；磷肥明显降低了稻米中铁、铜、锰、钙的含量和产量，适量增施磷肥有利于增加稻米中镁的含量和产量；适量施用钾肥有利于提高稻米中铁、锌、铜、锰含量和产量，两供试品种铁、锌、铜、锰含量均以90 kg/hm2 K2O时最高，而钾肥明显降低了稻米中镁、钙的含量和产量。     

Structure Elucidation of New Acetylated Saponins,Lessoniosides A,B, C,D, and E,and Non-Acetylated Saponins,Lessoniosides F and G,from the Viscera of the Sea Cucumber Holothuria lessoni

Sea cucumbers produce numerous compounds with a wide range of chemical structural diversity. Among these, saponins are the most diverse and include sulfated, non-sulfated, acetylated and methylated congeners with different aglycone and sugar moieties. In this study, MALDI and ESI tandem mass spectrometry, in the positive ion mode, were used to elucidate the structure of new saponins extracted from the viscera of H. lessoni. Fragmentation of the aglycone provided structural information on the presence of the acetyl group. The presence of the O-acetyl group was confirmed by observing the mass transition of 60 u corresponding to the loss of a molecule of acetic acid. Ion fingerprints from the glycosidic cleavage provided information on the mass of the aglycone (core), and the sequence and type of monosaccharides that constitute the sugar moiety. The tandem mass spectra of the saponin precursor ions [M + Na]⁺ provided a wealth of detailed structural information on the glycosidic bond cleavages. As a result, and in conjunction with existing literature, we characterized the structure of five new acetylated saponins, Lessoniosides A–E, along with two non-acetylated saponins Lessoniosides F and G at m/z 1477.7, which are promising candidates for future drug development. The presented strategy allows a rapid, reliable and complete analysis of native saponins.