黄麻圆果种一些质量性状的遗传研究

1．黄麻叶柄色、叶形、腋芽均属质量性状，据观察红叶柄、长叶形、有腋芽在F1代均呈显性。2．黄麻的叶柄色、叶形、腋芽在F2的分离规律是：一对相对性状有两种表现型，比例为3：1；两对相对性状有四种表现型，比例为9：3:3：1；三对相对性状有八种表现型，比例为27：9：9：9:3:3:3：1。这是基本符合孟德尔的分离定律和独立分配定律，同时也说明这些性状各为一对基因所控制。     

新的玉米显性矮秆基因的发现及初步分析

玉米杂交种CL1077中的矮秆突变体52333与5个高秆自交系进行杂交,对P1、P2、F1、F2、BC1和BC2群体株高变异进行分析。结果表明,正反交杂种F1均表现为矮秆,没有显著差异;F2代矮株与高株的分离比为3∶1,杂种F1与高株自交系回交后代的分离比为1∶1,与矮秆突变体回交的后代全为矮株,证明该矮秆材料的矮秆性状受一对显性矮秆基因控制,且不受细胞质的影响。对纯合矮秆植株及杂种F1芽期和苗期进行赤霉素处理,结果表明,此矮秆基因对赤霉素敏感,表明与以前报道的所有矮秆基因不同,此矮秆基因可能是一新的矮秆基因,并将此矮秆基因初步定名为D(t)。     

黄麻圆果种一些质量性状的遗传研究

1.黄麻叶柄色、叶形、腋芽均属质量性状,据观察红叶柄、长叶形、有腋芽在F_1代均呈显性。2.黄麻的叶柄色、叶形、腋芽在 F_2的分离规律是:一对相对性状有两种表现型,比例为3:1;两对相对性状有四种表现型,比例为9:3:3:1;三对相对性状有八种表现型,比例为27:9:9:9:3:3:3:1。这是基本符合孟德尔的分离定律和独立分配定律,同时也说明这些性状各为一对基因所控制。     

矮败小麦在轮回选择上的应用

矮败小麦具有Ｔａ1显性核雄性不育基因与Ｒｈｔ10 显性矮秆基因紧密连锁遗传的特点 ,它与高秆品种杂交 ,后代高秆株表现可育 ,矮秆株表现不育 ,二者比例接近 1∶1,这种特性可以稳定遗传 ,故可利用植株高度作为育性的标记性状鉴别不育株和可育株 ,大大提高育种效率[1～ 3] 。福建农大作物学院于 1989年秋季引入该种质 ,连续多年进行了育性和株高的关系、不育株开花结实特性、苗期ＧＡ3处理预测植株育性及雄性败育过程的细胞形态学等基础和应用基础研究 ,同时也开展了轮回选择育种 ,对其性状进行改良 ,提高了矮败群体的抗赤霉病性和白粉病性 ,…     

转抗除草剂基因小麦植株的筛选方法研究

为了降低小麦转bar基因时产生较高比例的假阳性植株,采用测定T0代转基因植株叶片释放NH4 浓度和对T1代植株喷施Basta除草剂等辅助筛选方法,建立了简便有效的转bar基因小麦筛选体系。研究结果表明,2叶期和5叶期叶片释放的NH4 浓度与bar基因PCR检测结果呈极显著相关,相关系数分别为0.86和0.75。对391株T0代再生植株进行叶片释放NH4 浓度测定,筛选到34株转基因植株,其中27株为bar基因的PCR检测所证实。用100 mg/L Basta除草剂对381株T0代植株的后代(3 800余株)进行喷施筛选,根据后代抗性分离筛选到13株T0代阳性植株,与PCR检测结果吻合度达到100%。这两种方法可用于以bar基因为选择标记基因的转基因植株的筛选。     

一个新的大豆细胞质黄化突变体的初步研究

用一个大豆叶片黄化突变体与6个带有不同标记基因的基因型杂交配制了8个杂交组合(包括两组正反交组合)。根据杂交后代的表现对该突变体进行了遗传分析并测定了亲本和F_1植株的叶绿素含量。结果表明该突变体的叶绿素缺失性状呈母体遗传。当以黄化突变体为母本时,杂交F_1和F_2单株都表现为黄化,当用正常的非黄化基因型作为母本时,所有的F_1和F_2植株都不黄化。在自然光照条件下,突变体的叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量约是正常基因型的47.4、40.4和43.7％。突变体新生叶片的叶绿素含量很低,随着叶片的发育成熟,叶绿素含量逐渐接近正常基因型。根据大豆遗传委员会的有关规定和惯例,建议将该突变体定名为Cyt—Y_4。     

改变普通大豆生产学特性提高大豆产量的研究：Ⅲ.大豆扁茎性状的遗传？…

美国扁茎大豆的扁茎性状是由一个隐性主茎因控制的，与普通大豆杂交的Ｆ２代中非扁茎株与扁茎株的比例为５：！。Ｆ３代系统中，扁茎株的后代全部为扁茎。而Ｆ２代正常株或株高超亲株中，纯合显性（ＦＦ）的后代无扁茎株，杂合显笥 后代大多数不符合３：１的理认值，表现出扁茎株比例大大减少。说明控制这个性状的基因除一个主茎基外，还有少数修饰基因起作用。     

小麦品系多Ⅱ多子房性状的遗传分析

为了解小麦多子房性状的遗传特性。为多子房性状在小麦高产育种及杂种小麦选育中的应用提供科学依据，将多子房小麦品系多Ⅱ分别与4个普通小麦正反杂交，F1自交并与单子房普通小麦回交得到F1和BC1群体。结果表明，F1全为多子房植株，F2分离，且多子房植株与单子房植株分离比例适合于3：1；BC1分离，其多子房植株与单子房植株分离比例适合于1：1，说明供试小麦多Ⅱ的多子房性状是由1对显性核基因控制的。     

美国比马棉雄性不育突变体Ms_(12)的遗传

1976年在大田发现了一株雄性不育的美国比马棉植株。棉花雄性不育作为标志性状和在人工杂交中用雄性不育系作母本是很有用的。本研究的目的是测定基因控制的比马棉雄性不育性状的遗传和检测比马棉雄性不育基因与其它突变体基因之间的可能连系。比马棉雄性不育株和正常的雄性可育“比马S-5”植株之间进行杂交,产生了雄性不育和雄性可育的F_1 植株,其比例为1∶1。F_1 不育株与比马S-5杂交的BC_1 后代符合1不育∶1可育的比例。F_1 可育株与比马S-5杂交只产生可育的后代。这些资料证明雄性不育性状受一个显性基因控制。该性状定名为雄性不育12,基因符号为Ms_(12)。连锁测验证明Ms_(12)与23个棉属突变体基因之间没有任何关联。本文还讨论了Ms_(12)与其它遗传的雄性不育性之间的相互关系。     

粳型水稻显性半矮秆突变体的发现与初步研究

 在中粳杂交组合“M9056 × R8018选”的F6 选种圃中，发现半矮秆突变单株。以纯合半矮秆单株为父、母本， 与稳定野生型高秆单株进行正、反杂交。种植 P1 、P2 、F1、F2 世代群体。结果表明F1 植株与半矮秆亲本基本相同， 仍然表现半矮秆。 说明该半矮秆突变材料的矮生性表达为显性， 无细胞质效应。F2 群体植株株高性状发生分离，其分离比符合一对等位基因的遗传模式，说明该半矮秆材料的矮生性表达受一对核基因控制。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.