矿物质有机肥与化肥配施对甘肃河西绿灌区玉米产量构成的影响

在甘肃省河西绿洲灌区通过大田试验,研究矿物质有机肥与化肥配施对玉米产量构成的影响。结果表明,配施矿物质有机肥可以显著提高玉米的生物产量、子粒产量及肥料贡献率。与当前施肥水平比较,玉米在配施矿物质有机肥750 kg/hm²的条件下,化肥不减量和减量15%生物产量分别为38 647、36 869 kg/hm²,比单施化肥处理增产7.61%和2.66%;子粒产量分别为16 544、15 783 kg/hm²,增产7.56%、2.48%;肥料对生物产量贡献率分别为56.26%和49.07%,比单施化肥处理提高11.05和3.87个百分点,表明在配施矿物质有机肥750 kg/hm²的前提下,将氮、磷化肥施用量在当前水平上减量15%可以保证玉米子粒产量稳定在高产水平。     

春玉米控释氮肥施用技术研究

不同控释氮肥田间试验结果表明,控释氮肥与普通氮肥相比不仅能提高春玉米子粒产量,而且能提高玉米子粒中粗脂肪含量。春玉米的适宜施N量为150 kg/hm²。控释氮肥与普通氮肥混合施用可显著提高春玉米产量,最佳混配比例为50%控释尿素+50%普通尿素。     

吉林黑土上肥料施用量对玉米产量及肥料利用率的影响

通过1996和1998两年田间试验,研究了吉林黑土上化肥对玉米的增产效应及肥料利用率,得出N肥是主导的增产因素,其最佳产量和最佳施肥量分别为12738.6 kg/hm²和291.6kg/hm²,及11542.7 kg/hm²和277.8 kg/hm²;不同N肥用量下肥料利用率分别变化在32.3%～64.3%及35.5%～62.2%之间,并根据最佳产量找出最佳利用率分别在49%和51%左右。     

磷肥用量对土壤速效磷及玉米产量和养分吸收的影响

通过两年田间肥料定位试验,研究北疆灰漠土区不同磷肥用量对土壤速效磷含量以及玉米生长和养分吸收的影响。结果表明,不施磷肥或施磷量较低（75 kg/hm²）时,土壤速效磷含量显著降低;施磷量为150 kg/hm²时土壤速效磷含量基本维持平衡;施磷量为300 kg/hm²时土壤速效磷在0～40 cm土壤积累明显。施磷肥可显著增加玉米干物质量,施磷量超过150 kg/hm²干物质量增加不明显。玉米植株的氮素和磷素积累量随施磷量增加而显著增加,磷肥对玉米植株磷素养分的分配影响不大,但可显著促进氮素向子粒的转运,氮素在子粒的分配比例显著增加。施磷肥可显著提高玉米产量,施磷量为150 kg/hm²可维持土壤速效磷平衡并获得高产,是该区玉米的适宜磷肥用量。     

密度对高油玉米298产量和含油率的影响

以高油玉米298为材料,研究了密度对高油298产量和含油率的影响.结果表明:密度对高油298的产量和含油率有显著影响,随密度增加,高油298的穗粒数、百粒重、子粒的含油率降低;吐丝期光合速率随密度增加而下降;成熟期粒叶比随密度增加而减小;子粒产量均在一定范围内先升后降.在本试验条件下,获得最高子粒产量的密度为60 000株/hm²,产量为7 472.4 kg/hm²,子粒含油率为9.84%,综合考虑子粒产量和含油率二因素,密度为60 000株/hm²时油产量最高,为643.2 kg/hm²。     

种植密度对不同熟期玉米品种子粒含水率和产量的影响

2019～2020年以陕单 650(中熟)和东单 60(晚熟)为材料,设置 4个种植密度 6.0×10⁴、 7.5×10⁴、 9.0×10⁴和10.5×10⁴株/hm²,研究密度对玉米产量及子粒含水率的影响。结果表明,增密可以提高不同熟期玉米品种的产量,陕单 650在密度为 9.0×10⁴株/hm²时最优产量为 18 083.5 kg/hm²,东单 60在密度 7.5×10⁴株/hm²时最优产量为17 472.9 kg/hm²。两个品种粒重及子粒含水率随密度的增大而减小,陕单 650达到最大灌浆速率的天数、平均灌浆速率较东单 60均早 4 d和高 0.06 g/d;陕单 650和东单 60子粒平均脱水速率为 0.98%/d和 0.93%/d,陕单 650在生理成熟 4 d后子粒含水率迅速降至 25%。当密度为 9.0×104株/hm²时,陕单 650的叶片干物质转运率明显高于东单 60。通过适度增密提高产量、缩短生育期降低子粒水分的技术途径,协同实现陕西春玉米密植高产机械子粒收获生产。     

高油、高淀粉玉米产量、品质与群体生理特性的研究

高产条件下探讨了高油、高淀粉玉米的群体生理特性.结果表明,相同产量水平下,高油玉米收获指数低,形成单位重量子粒所需的生物量高,粒叶比低;而高淀粉玉米则相反,收获指数高,形成单位重量子粒所需的生物量相对低,粒叶比高.在11 250 kg/hm²左右的产量水平下,高油玉米、高淀粉玉米的生物产量分别为26 000、23 000 kg/hm²;抽丝至成熟期的平均叶面积分别为50 280、41 550 m²/hm²;叶面积持续期分别为270、220万m²·d/hm²左右.保持花后较高的叶面积、叶面积持续期,防止植株早衰是实现玉米高产的有效途径。     

超黑糯玉米杂交后代色素分布规律研究

以超黑糯玉米自交系I46和白糯玉米自交系BN13杂交后F_2代种子产生的果穗群体为供试材料,通过观察子粒颜色、溶剂提取色素和紫外分光光度测定等方法研究超黑糯玉米杂交后代色素分布规律。结果表明,在黑糯玉米杂交F_2代产生的果穗中,子粒颜色出现分离,主要表现为全黑、红黑、红色、棕黄、金黄和白色。在金黄色玉米子粒中类胡萝卜素含量最高,显著高于其他颜色的玉米子粒;类胡萝卜素含量最少的为白色玉米。在全黑色玉米子粒中花色苷的含量显著高于其他颜色玉米子粒;在白色、金黄色玉米子粒中没有检测到花色苷。     

氮肥后移对春玉米子粒灌浆特性及内源激素的影响

以陕科9号为材料,2019～2020年在陕西榆林灌溉区进行大田试验,在总施氮量相同、基肥和大喇叭口期追肥分别占总施氮量20%和40%条件下,设置4个施氮处理,传统施氮(拔节肥40%,N1)、氮肥后移10%(拔节肥30%+花粒肥10%,N2)、氮肥后移20%(拔节肥20%+花粒肥20%,N3)和氮肥后移30%(拔节肥10%+花粒肥30%,N4),分析各处理子粒灌浆特性、内源激素含量和产量构成。结果表明,氮肥后移各处理2年玉米产量均显著高于传统施肥,N3处理产量最高。氮肥后移增加子粒灌浆速率最大时生长量(W_max)、最大灌浆速率(G_max),延长子粒灌浆活跃期;氮肥后移过量(N4),子粒灌浆参数受到不良影响。同时,N3处理子粒生长素(IAA)含量达到峰值时均较N1处理显著增加51.7%,玉米素(ZR)含量显著增加16.7%,赤霉素(GA₃)含量显著增加28.9%,脱落酸(ABA)含量显著降低18.2%。在陕西灌溉春玉米区,总施氮量270 kg/hm²时,拔节期追肥54 kg/hm²、大喇叭口期追肥108 kg/hm²、花后7 d追肥54kg/hm²为该区玉米高产的优化施氮制度。     

不同磷钾水平下云南旱地玉米养分吸收利用及产量响应

在云南省曲靖市开展2组旱地玉米田间小区试验,研究不同磷钾施肥量对玉米生物量和养分的积累、养分利用和产量的影响。结果表明,玉米氮磷钾养分吸收积累高峰期在抽雄期;磷素和钾素的供应对玉米产量有显著影响,钾素的影响大于磷素。P 120 kg/hm²、K 75 kg/hm²(P2K2)处理搭配合理,地上部分的生物量积累和子粒产量在所有处理中最高,产量比其他处理高3.90%～24.74%。P 60 kg/hm²、K 75 kg/hm²(P1K2)处理的磷肥利用率和磷素农学效率较高。P2K2处理的钾肥利用率和钾素农学效率较高。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

---

Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

---

Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.